11
A lot of people in the United States are coffee drinkers.
在美國，很多人都是喝咖啡的人
Over the last few years, a trend has been developing to introduce premium, specially blended coffees, known as “gourmet coffees” into the American market.
在過去的幾年里，已經發展出一種趨勢，引進高價的，特殊調制的咖啡，被稱作「美味咖啡」，到美國的市場。
Boston seems to have been the birthplace of this trend.
Boston似乎是這一趨勢的誕生地
In fact, major gourmet coffee merchants from other cities like Seattle and San Francisco came to Boston, where today they’re engaged in a kind of “coffee war” with Boston’s merchants.
事實上，大多數來自其他的城市諸如Seattle 和 San Francisco的美味咖啡商人們來到了Boston，今天他們在這裡參與進了同Boston的商人們的某種「咖啡戰爭」
They are all competing for a significant share of the gourmet coffee market.
他們都在為美味咖啡的一個重要市場份額競爭
Surprisingly, the competition among these leading gourmet coffee businesses will not hurt any of them.
令人驚訝的是，在這些主要的美味咖啡生意之間的競爭，將不會傷害他們中的任何人。
Experts predict that the gourmet coffee market in the United States is growing and will continue to grow, to the point that gourmet coffee will soon capture half of what is now a 1.5-million-dollar market and will be an 8-million-dollar market by 1999.
專家們預測美味咖啡的市場在美國正在增長並將持續增長，達到這種程度：美味咖啡將很快奪得現在150萬美元的市場份額的一半，並將在1999年達到800萬美金的市場份額
Studies have shown that coffee drinkers who convert to gourmet coffee seldom go back to the regular brands found in supermarkets.
研究已經表明，喝咖啡的人一轉喝美味咖啡，很少回到常規的，在超市中找到的品牌
As a result, these brands will be the real losers in the gourmet coffee competition.
結果，這些品牌將在美味咖啡競爭中成為真正的輸家
12
You may remember that a few weeks ago we discussed the question of what photography is.
你們可能還記得幾周前我們討論過什麼是攝影的問題。
Is it art, or is it a method of reproducing images? Do photographs belong in museums or just in our homes?
它是藝術，或者它是一個複製影響的方法？
Today I want to talk about a person who tried to make his professional life an answer to such questions.
今天我想談談關於一個試圖使他的職業生涯成為這類問題的答案的人。
Alfred Stieglitz went from the United States to Germany to study engineering.
Alfred Stieglitz從美國除非去德國學習工程學
While he was there, he became interested in photography and began to experiment with his camera.
當他在那裡的時候，他對攝影產生了興趣，並開始用他的相機去實驗。
He took pictures under conditions that most photographers considered too difficult.
他在大多數攝影師認為過於困難的條件下拍照片。
He took them at night, in the rain, and of people and objects reflected in windows.
他在夜晚，在雨中，以及在人和物體在窗戶上的反射上取景（拍照片）。
When he returned to the United States he continued these revolutionary efforts.
當他回到美國時，他延續了這些革命性的努力。
Stieglitz was the first person to photograph skyscrapers, clouds, and views from an airplane.
Stieglitz是為摩天大樓，雲朵，以及飛機上的景觀拍照的第一人
What Stieglitz was trying to do in these photographs was what he tried to do throughout his life: make photography an art.
Stieglitz在這些照片上所努力去做的事兒，是他努力去做了一輩子的事兒：使攝影成為一門藝術。
He felt that photography could be just as good a form of self-expression as painting or drawing.
他覺得攝影能夠成為一種自我表達形式，就像油畫或者繪畫一樣。
For Stieglitz, his camera was his brush.
對Stieglitz來說，他的相機就是他的畫筆。
While many photographers of the late 1800’s and early 1900’s thought of their work as a reproduction of identical images, Stieglitz saw his as a creative art form.
當很多十九世紀晚期和二十世紀早期的攝影師認為他們的工作就是相同的影像複製，Stieglitz把他的（工作）看做一種創造性的藝術的形式
He understood the power of the camera to capture the moment.
他瞭解相機在捕捉瞬間的上的能力
In fact, he never retouched his prints or made copies of them.
事實上，他從未修整過他的圖片或者製造它們的副本。
If he were in this classroom today, I’m sure he’d say, “Well, painters don’t normally make extra copies of their paintings, do they?”
如果今天他在這個教室中，我相信他會說：「好吧，畫家們通常不會給他們的畫製造額外的副本，對嗎？」
13
So, uh . . . as Jim said, James Polk was the eleventh President, and . . . uh . . . well, my report’s about the next President—Zachary Taylor. Taylor was elected in 1849.
那麼，呃……就像Jim所說，James Polk曾經是第十一任總統，並且……呃……好，我的報告是關於下任總統– Zachary Taylor。Taylor於1849年當選。
It’s surprising because . . . well, he was the first President that didn’t have any previous political experience.
令人驚訝的是因為……好吧，他是第一個在之前沒有任何政治經驗的總統。
The main reason he was chosen as a candidate was because he was a war hero.
他被選作候選人的主要原因是他曾是一個戰爭英雄。
In the army, his men called him “Old Rough and Ready”. I guess because of his . . . “rough edges.”
在軍隊中，他的手下叫他「大老粗」。我猜是因為他的…… 「稜角」
He was kind of blunt and he didn’t really look like a military hero.
他有些直率，而且他真的看起來不像一個戰鬥英雄。
He liked to do things like wear civilian clothes instead of a uniform, even in battle.
他喜歡做的事情，比如穿便服而不是制服，即使是在戰鬥中。
And he was so short and plump he had to be lifted up onto his horse.
而且他是如此的矮和粗壯，他不得不被抬到他的馬上。
But he did win a lot of battles and he became more and more popular.
但他的確贏了很多戰爭，而且他變得越來越受歡迎。
So, the Whig party decided to nominate him for the presidency, even though no one knew anything about where he stood on the issues.
所以，輝格黨決定提名他參加總統競選，即使沒人知道他站在議題的哪一端。
I couldn’t find much about his accomplishments, probably because he was only in office about a year and a half before he died.
我沒能找到很多關於他的成就，可能是因為他在去世前僅僅執政了一年半。
But one thing, he pushed for the development of the transcontinental railroad because he thought it was important to form a link with the West Coast.
但有一件事，他努力爭取了橫穿大陸的鐵路線的發展，因為他認為同西海岸形成一個連接是很重要的。
There was a lot of wealth in California and Oregon from commerce and minerals and stuff.
在California 和 Oregon有大量的源自商業和礦產等的財富。
Also, he established an agricultural bureau in the Department of the Interior and promoted more government aid to agriculture.
並且，他在內政部建立了一個農業局，並且促進了對於農業的更多的國家援助。
Well, that’s about all I found. Like I said, he died in office in 1850, so his Vice President took over, and that’s the next report, so . . . thank you.
好，這就是我所有的發現。就像我說過的，他於1850年在任時去世，因此他的副總統接任，這是下一個報告，那麼……謝謝大家。
14
I want to welcome each and every balloon enthusiast to Philadelphia.
我想要歡迎每一位氣球愛好者來到Philadelphia
Thank you for coming here this morning to commemorate the first balloon voyage in the United States.
感謝大家今天早上來到這裡紀念在美國的第一次氣球航行。
On January 9, 1793, at ten o’clock in the morning, a silk balloon lifted into the skies above this city, which was, at the time, the capital of the country.
在1793年1月9日，上午十點鐘，一個絲質氣球在這個城市上空升起，這裡，在當時，是國家的首都。
According to the original records of the flight, the voyage lasted forty-six minutes, from its departure in Philadelphia to its landing across the Delaware River in New Jersey.
根據飛行的原始記錄，這次航行持續了46分鐘，從它的出發地Philadelphia到它穿過Delaware河著陸在New Jersey。
Though our pilots today will try to approximate the original landing site, they’re at the mercy of the winds, so who knows where they’ll drift off to.
雖然我們的飛行員今天將試圖去接近最初的著陸地點，他們還要受到風的支配，所以誰知道他們將飄到哪裡去。
Even the balloonist in 1793 experienced some uncertain weather that day.
即使是在1793年，氣球駕駛者那天也經歷了一些變幻莫測的天氣
There were clouds, fog, and mist in various directions.
有雲，霧，並且薄霧在不同的方向上。
Our reenactment promises to be nothing less than spectacular.
我們的場景重現，發誓要成為完全的盛景。
The yellow balloon directly behind me is five stories high.
在我正後方的黃色氣球有五層樓高。
It’s inflated with helium, unlike the original, which was filled with hydrogen and, unbeknownst to the pilot, potentially explosive.
它充滿了氦氣，和原來不同，那個是充的氫氣，飛行員不知道的是，有爆炸的可能性。
Gas-filled models are pretty uncommon now because of the extremely high cost, so the eighty other balloons in today’s launch are hot air, heated by propane burners.
因為極高的成本，充氣的型號現在很少見。所以今天起飛的另外80是個氣球是熱氣（球），由丙烷燃燒器加熱。
These balloons are from all over the country.
這些氣球來自全國各地。
15
I’m glad you brought up the question of our investigations into the makeup of the Earth’s interior.
我很高興你們提出我們進入地球內部的組成的調查的問題。
In fact, since this is the topic of your reading assignment for next time, let me spend these last few minutes of class talking about it.
事實上，由於這是你們下次閱讀作業的課題，讓我花上這最後幾分鐘的課堂時間來談一下它。
There were several important discoveries in the early part of this century that helped geologists develop a more accurate picture of the Earth’s interior.
本世紀早期有一些重要的發現，能夠幫助地質學家開發出一個更精確的地球內部的圖片。
The first key discovery had to do with seismic waves.
第一個關鍵的發現不得不同地震波相關。
Remember they are the vibrations caused by earthquakes.
要記得他們是地震引起的震動。
Well, scientists found that they traveled thousands of miles through the Earth’s interior.
好的，科學家發現他們穿過地球內部通行了數千英里。
This finding enabled geologists to study the inner parts of the Earth.
這個發現是的地質學家更夠研究地球的內部。
You see, these studies revealed that these vibrations were of two types: compression or P waves and shear or S waves.
你看，這些研究顯示這些震動是兩種類型：漲縮波或者說P波和畸變波或者說S波。
And researchers found that P waves travel through both liquids and solids, while S waves travel only through solid matter.
同時研究人員發現P波能穿行液體和固體兩種，而s波只能穿行固體物質。
In 1906, a British geologist discovered that P waves slowed down at a certain depth but kept traveling deeper.
在1906年，一個英國地質學家發現P波在一定的深度會減速，但是會繼續穿行更深。
On the other hand, S waves either disappeared or were reflected back, so he concluded that the depth marked the boundary between a solid mantle and a liquid core.
另一方面，S波要麼消失，或者被反射，所以他推斷這個深度標示了固態地幔和液態地核的界限。
Three years later, another boundary was discovered that between the mantle and the Earth’s crust.
三年後，另一個分界線被發現，是在地幔和地殼之間。
There’s still a lot to be learned about the Earth.
關於地球還有許多要學習的。
For instance, geologists know that the core is hot. Evidence of this is the molten lava that flows out of volcanoes. But we’re still not sure what the source of the heat is.
舉例來說，地質學家知道地核是熱的。這點的證據是火山中流出的熔岩。但我們依然不知道熱源是什麼。
16
Today we’re going to practice evaluating the main tool used when addressing groups—the voice.
今天我們將練習評估當向群體致辭時所使用的主要工具——聲音。
There are three main elements that combine to create either a positive or negative experience for listeners.
有三個主要元素結合一起會導致聽眾要麼正面要麼負面的體驗。
They can result in a voice that is pleasing to listen to and can be used effectively.
他們能導致一個令人聽起來愉快的聲音，並且能被有效地使用
Or they can create a voice that doesn’t hold attention, or even worse, causes an adverse reaction.
或者他們能製造一個不能抓住注意力的聲音，或者甚至更糟，引起一個不良反應。
The three elements are volume, pitch, and pace.
這三個元素是音量，音高，和語速
When evaluating volume, keep in mind that a good speaker will adjust to the size of both the room and the audience.
當評估音量時，記住一個好的演講者將會調整以適應屋子的大小以及聽眾的規模。
Of course, with an amplifying device like a microphone, the speaker can use a natural tone.
當然，用一個放大裝置如麥克風，演講者能使用一個自然的口吻。
But speakers should not be dependent on microphones; a good speaker can speak loudly without shouting.
但是演講者不應該依賴麥克風；一個好的演講者能夠說話很大聲卻不用大喊大叫
The second element, pitch, is related to the highness or lowness of the sounds.
第二個元素，音高，與聲音的高或者低有關。
High pitches are, for most people, more difficult to listen to, so in general speakers should use the lower registers of their voice.
高音調是，對大多數人來說，聽起來更困難，所以通常演講者應該使用他們聲音的低聲部。
During a presentation, it’s important to vary pitch to some extent in order to maintain interest.
在一個陳述期間，重要的是變化音高，在某種程度上是為了維持興趣。
The third element, pace, that is how fast or slow words and sounds are articulated, should also be varied.
第三個元素，語速，就是詞和聲音是如何快慢發音的，也應該變化。
A slower pace can be used to emphasize important points.
一個慢些的語速能被用來強調重要的點。
Note that the time spent not speaking can be meaningful, too.
請注意花費在不說話的時間也是能有意義的。
Pauses ought to be used to signal transitions or create anticipation.
停頓應該是用來標誌轉換（話題）或者建立期盼
Because a pause gives the listeners time to think about what was just said or even to predict what might come next, it can be very effective when moving from one topic to another.
因為一個停頓給了聽眾時間去思考關於剛說的話，或者甚至預測下面什麼可能會來，當從一個話題轉移到另一個時，它能夠非常有效。
What I’d like you to do now is watch and listen to a videotape and use the forms I gave you to rate the speaking voices you hear.
我現在想讓你們做的是看和聽一個錄像帶，並且使用我給你們的表格來評價你聽到的說話聲音。
Then tonight I want you to go home and read a passage into a tape recorder and evaluate your own voice.
然後今晚我想讓你們回家並且朗讀一段（文章）到錄音機里，然後評價你們自己的聲音。
17
Let’s proceed to the main exhibit hall and look at some of the actual vehicles that have played a prominent role in speeding up mail delivery.
讓我們繼續去主展廳，然後看看在加速郵遞中扮演了突出角色（發揮了重要作用）的一些真實的交通工具
Consider how long it used to take to send a letter across a relatively short distance.
想想曾經要花多久去跨過一個相對短的距離去送一封信。
Back in the 1600’s it took two weeks on horseback to get a letter from Boston to New York, a distance of about 260 miles.
上溯到1600年代，從Boston到New York送一封信要在馬背上花兩周，一段大約260英里的距離。
Crossing a river was also a challenge.
橫渡一條河也是一種挑戰
Ferry service was so irregular that a carrier would sometimes wait hours just to catch a ferry.
渡輪服務是如此的不規律，以至於運送者會有時等上幾個小時就為了趕上一班渡輪。
For journeys inland, there was always the stagecoach, but the ride was by no means comfortable because it had to be shared with other passengers.
對於內陸的旅程，總會有驛站馬車，但是旅途是不舒適的，因為不得不同其他的乘客一起乘坐（分享）
The post office was pretty ingenious about some routes.
對於某些線路來說，郵局非常的有獨創性
In the nineteenth century, in the Southwestern desert, for instance, camels were brought in to help get the mail through.
在十九世紀，在西南部的沙漠，舉例來說，駱駝被引進來幫助送郵件。
In Alaska, reindeer were used.
在阿拉斯加，馴鹿被使用了。
This practice was discontinued because of the disagreeable temperament of these animals.
這種做法被中斷了，是因為這些動物不好相處的性情。
We’ll stop here a minute so that you can enter this replica of a railway mail car.
我們將停這兒一分鐘，以便你們能進入這個鐵路郵件車箱的複製品。
It was during the Age of the Iron Horse that delivery really started to pick up, in fact, the United States transported most bulk mail by train for nearly 100 years.
還是在鐵馬的時代期間，郵遞才真正開始發展，事實上，美國通過火車運輸大部分的大宗郵件將近100年。
The first airmail service didn’t start until 1918.第一次航空郵件服務（沒有開始）直到1918年才開始。
Please take a few moments to look around.
請花上片刻來看看。
I hope you’ll enjoy your tour.
我希望你們會享受你們的旅程。
And as you continue on your own, may I suggest you visit our impressive philatelic collection.
然後當你們繼續你們自己的（旅途、參觀、自由活動）時，我建議你們參觀我們令人印象深刻的集郵品的收藏
Not only can you look at some of the more unusual stamps issues, but there is an interesting exhibit on how stamps are made.
你們不僅能看到一些更加不同尋常的郵票發行，而且還有一個關於郵票製作的有趣的展覽。
18
Most people think of astronomers as people who spend their time in cold observatories peering through telescopes every night.
大多數人想象天文學家是把他們的時間花費在冰冷的天文台上每天晚上透過望遠鏡（觀測）的人
In fact, a typical astronomer spends most of his or her time analyzing data and may only be at the telescope a few weeks of the year.
事實上，一個典型的天文學家會花費他或她的大部分時間分析數據，並且可能一年中只在望遠鏡上（花費）數周的時間
Some astronomers work on purely theoretical problems and never use a telescope at all.
有些天文學家從事於純粹的理論問題，並且根本就從來都不使用望遠鏡。
You might not know how rarely images are viewed directly through telescopes.
你可能不知道影像被直接通過望遠鏡觀察是多麼罕見。
The most common way to observe the skies is to photograph them.
最常見的觀察天空的方式是去拍他們的照片。
The process is very simple.
這個額過程很簡單
First, a photographic plate is coated with a light-sensitive material.
首先，一個照相底板被一種光敏的材料覆蓋。
The plate is positioned so that the image received by the telescope is recorded on it.
這個底片被放置好以便望遠鏡接收圖像並錄制在上面
Then the image can be developed, enlarged, and published so that many people can study it.
那麼圖像能夠被開發，放大，並且出版，所以很多人能研究它。
Because most astronomical objects are very remote, the light we receive from them is rather feeble.
因為大多數天體都很遙遠，我們從他們那裡接受到的光相當的微弱。
But by using a telescope as a camera, long time exposures can be made.
但通過使用望遠鏡當相機，長時間的曝光能夠被製造出來。
In this way, objects can be photographed that are a hundred times too faint to be seen by just looking through a telescope.
這樣，百倍微弱的，僅僅通過望遠鏡觀察而看不清楚的天體也能被拍攝下來。
19
Before we start our first lab, I’d like to tell you a little bit about the workbook we’ll be using.
在我們開始我們第一次實驗室（活動）之前，我想要告訴你們一點關於我們將要使用的工作手冊（的注意事項）
The first thing I’d like to point out is that the workbook contains a very large amount of material, far more than you could ever handle in a single semester.
我想指出的第一件事是這個工作手冊包含非常巨大的材料數量，遠比你們在一個學期內能夠運用的多。
What you’re supposed to do is choose the experiments and activities that you want to do—within a certain framework, of course.
你們應當做的是選擇你想做的實驗和活動—當然，要在一個確定的框架內
Part of my job is to help you make your choices.
我工作的一部分是幫你們做出你們的選擇。
Next, I’d like to mention that in each workbook chapter, there are usually two subsections.
接下來，我想提及在工作手冊的每一個章節，通常會有兩個副章節。
The first is called “Experiments” and the second is called “Activities.”
第一個被稱為「實驗」，第二個被稱為「活動」
In the “Experiments” section, the workbook gives full instructions for all the experiments, including alternate procedures.
在「實驗」章節，工作手冊給了所有的實驗全部的介紹，包括交叉的步驟。
Choose the procedure you wish—there’s plenty of equipment available.
選擇你希望的步驟——有足夠的可用的設備。
In the “Activities” section, you will find suggestions for projects that you could do on your own time.
在「活動」部分，你們將發現對你們能在你們自己的時間所做的項目的建議。
You’ll see that there are usually no detailed instructions for the activities—you’re supposed to do them your own way.
你將看到通常對活動——你們應該用你們自己的方式做的，沒有詳細的介紹
If there are no questions, let’s turn to Chapter One now.
如果沒有問題，現在請翻到第一章。
20
Do you have trouble sleeping at night?
你晚上睡覺有困難嗎？
Then maybe this is for you.
那麼也許這個是給你的
When you worry about needing sleep and toss and turn trying to find a comfortable position, you’re probably only making matters worse.
當你擔心需要睡眠（睡不著覺）時，輾轉反側試圖去找到一個舒服的位置，你可能只會使事情更糟
What happens when you do that，is that your heart rate actually increases, making it more difficult to relax.
當你哪麼做會發生什麼，就是你的心率會增加，使放鬆更艱難
You may also have some bad habits that contribute to the problem.
你可能也有一些不好的習慣會導致這個問題。
Do you rest frequently during the day?
你在白天期間經常地休息嗎？
Do you get virtually no exercise, or do you exercise strenuously late in the day?
你幾乎沒有鍛鍊，或者你在白天晚些時候奮力地鍛鍊嗎？
Are you preoccupied with sleep, or do you sleep late on weekends?
你注意力都在睡覺上，或者你週末睡得很晚嗎？
Any or all of these factors might be leading to your insomnia by disrupting your body’s natural rhythm.
任何一個或全部的這些因素可能會導致你失眠, 通過擾亂你身體的自然節奏。
What should you do, then, on those sleepless nights?
那麼，你需要在這些失眠的夜晚做什麼？
Don’t bother with sleeping pills.
別把安眠藥放在心上
They can actually cause worse insomnia later.
他們實際上能在後來引起更重的失眠
The best thing to do is drink milk or eat cheese or tuna fish.
最佳的做法是喝牛奶或吃奶酪或吞拿魚。
These are all rich in amino acids and help produce a neurotransmitter in the brain that induces sleep.
這些（食物）都富含氨基酸，並且幫助在大腦中產生神經傳遞素來引起睡眠
This neurotransmitter will help you relax, and you’ll be on your way to getting a good night’s sleep.
這個神經傳遞素將幫助你放鬆，而你將踏上得到一個好的夜晚睡眠的旅途（你將會睡個好覺）
Until tomorrow’s broadcast, this has been another in the series “Hints for Good Health.”
到明天的廣播時，這就是另一個系列的「健康提示」。