21
Today we’ll examine the role that private transportation, namely, the automobile plays in city planning.
今天我們將調查私人交通工具，換句話說，汽車在城市規劃中所扮演的角色
A number of sociologists blame the automobile for the decline of the downtown areas of major cities.
許多社會學家把主要城市的市中心的衰退歸咎於汽車。
In the 1950’s and 1960’s the automobile made it possible to work in the city and yet live in the suburbs many miles away.
在五十年代和六十年代，汽車使在城裡工作，但卻生活在許多英里之外的郊區成為可能。
Shopping patterns changed: instead of patronizing downtown stores, people in the suburbs went to large shopping malls outside the city and closer to home.
購物模式改變了：生活在郊區的人們去城外且離家近的大型購物中心，而不是屈尊鬧市商店。
Merchants in the city failed; and their stores closed. Downtown shopping areas became deserted.
城裡的商人失敗了；並且他們的上店關門了。市中心購物區變得荒蕪了。
In recent years there’s been a rebirth of the downtown areas, as many suburbanites have moved back to the city.
近年來中心區有了新生，因為許多郊區居民搬回了城裡。
They’ve done this, of course, to avoid highways clogged with commuters from the suburbs.
他們這麼做，當然了，是為了避免來自郊區通勤者們阻塞公路。
I’ve chosen this particular city planning problem—our dependence on private transportation to discuss in groups.
我選擇了這個特殊的城市規劃問題——我們對私人交通工具的依賴，來做小組討論。
I’m hoping you all will come up with some innovative solutions.
我希望你們都將提出一些創新性的解決方案。
Oh, and don’t approach the problem from a purely sociological perspective; try to take into account environmental and economic issues as well.
哦，不要從一個純粹的社會學視角來著手處理這個問題；也試試考慮環境和經濟問題。
22
Word comes from California of a new weapon in the war on household pests.
一種同居家害蟲的戰鬥的新武器的消息從California傳來
Two scientists working for a firm in Anaheim, California, have developed a method to eliminate insects without using dangerous chemicals.
兩個為California的Anaheim的一家公司工作的科學家，已經研發出一個方法去清除害蟲又不使用危險化學品。
The new poison? Hot air.
新型毒藥？熱空氣。
The basic idea is that insects cannot adjust to temperatures much above normal.
其基本思想是害蟲不能適應超過常態很多的溫度。
In laboratory experiments, cockroaches and termites can’t survive much more than a quarter of an hour at 125 degrees Fahrenheit, or about 50 degrees centigrade.
在實驗室實驗中，蟑螂和白蟻在華氏125度或大約攝氏50度時不能生存超過一刻鐘。
The new method involves covering a house with a huge tent and filling it with air heated to around 65 degrees centigrade.
這個新方法包括用一個巨大的帳篷蓋住房子並且用加熱到大約攝氏65度左右的空氣注入它。
Hot air is forced in with fans, and the tent keeps the heat inside the house.
熱空氣被風扇強壓進去，然後帳篷將熱量保持在房子中。
Since termites try to escape by hiding in wooden beams, the heat treatment must be continued for a full six hours.
因為白蟻會試圖躲在木梁中逃脫，這個熱處理必須被維持一段六個小時（的時間）
But when it’s all over, and the insects are dead, there are no toxic residues to endanger humans or pets, and no funny smells.
但是當一切都結束時，並且害蟲都死掉了，沒有殘毒會危害人類或寵物，而且沒有不舒服的氣味。
Scientists claim that there is no danger of fire, either, since very few household materials will burn at 65 degrees centigrade.
科學家聲稱根本沒有火災的危險，因為很少有家居材料會在攝氏65度燃燒。
In fact, wood is prepared for construction use by drying it in ovens at 80 degree centigrade, which is substantially hotter than the air used in this procedure.
事實上，木頭被準備用於建築用途的，會在烘爐中以攝氏80度烘乾，這實際上比用於這個程序的空氣要熱。
23
I’m sure you realize that your research papers are due in six weeks.
我確信你們意識到你們的研究論文在六周內到期。
I’ve looked at your proposed topics and made comments about them.
我已經看過了你們提出的主題並且發表了關於它們的評論。
The most frequent problem was proposing too broad a topic.
最常見的問題是提出了過於寬泛的主題，
Remember, this is only a fifteen-page paper.
記住，這只是一個十五頁的論文。
As I return your topic papers, I’d like to look over the schedule which sketches out what we’ll do during the next two weeks.
隨著我返回你們的主題論文，我想查看概述了我們將在接下來的兩周內做什麼的計劃。
Today is Monday; by Friday, I want your preliminary outline.
今天是週一，到週五，我想要你們初步的大綱。
Please be sure to incorporate the suggestions I’ve made on your topics in your outlines.
請務必吸收我在你們的主題的大綱上做出的建議。
Next week I’ll have a conference with each of you.
下周我將和你們每一個人有一場討論。
I’ve posted a schedule on my office door.
我會在我辦公室門上張貼一個日程表。
Sign your name to indicate the time you’re available for an appointment.
簽上你的名字來指明你可以（安排）約定的時間
In the conference, we’ll discuss your preliminary outline.
在討論中，我們將探討你的初步大綱。
Then you can make the necessary revisions and hand in your final outline, which is due two weeks from today.
然後你們可以做些必要的修訂並且提交你們的最終大綱，這在從今天起兩周內到期。
Use the outline style in your textbook and remember it should be no more than two pages long.
使用你們教材中的大綱類型，同時記住它應該不會超過兩頁紙長。
Be sure to begin with a thesis statement, that is, with a precise statement of the point you intend to prove and include a conclusion.
一定要用一個主題句開始，也就是說，用一個你打算證明的點的精確的陳述句，並且要包括一個結論。
Have you got all that?
你們都明白了嗎？
Your two-page preliminary outlines are due at the end of this week and the final outlines are due after your conferences.
你們兩頁的初步大綱在本週末到期然後最終的大綱在你們討論後到期。
Follow the textbook style and include a thesis statement and a conclusion.
遵循課本的模式，並且包括一個主題句和一個結論。
24
Before we begin our tour, I’d like to give you some background information on the painter Grant Wood.
在我們開始這段遊覽之前，我想給你們一些關於畫家Grant Wood的背景信息
We’ll be seeing much of his work today.
今天我們將會看到很多他的作品
Wood was born in 1881 in Iowa farm country, and became interested in art very early in life.
Wood於1881年出生在Iowa的鄉下農場，在很年輕時就對藝術感興趣
Although he studied art in both Minneapolis and at the Art Institute of Chicago, the strongest influences on his art were European.
儘管他在Minneapolis和Chicago藝術學院都學過藝術，對他的藝術產生最大影響的卻是在歐洲
He spent time in both Germany and France and his study there helped shape his own stylized form of realism.
他在德國和法國都呆過，並且他在那裡的學習幫助他形成了他自己風格的現實主義形式
When he returned to Iowa, Wood applied the stylistic realism he had learned in Europe to the rural life he saw around him and that he remembered from his childhood around the turn of the century.
當他回到Iowa，Wood把他在歐洲學到的現實主義體裁應用到了他所見到的在他周圍的農村生活中，以及他世紀之交的童年的記憶中。
His portraits of farm families imitate the static formalism of photographs of early settlers posed in front of their homes.
他的早起定居者在他們房前造型的農場家庭肖像畫，模擬了照片的靜態形式主義。
His paintings of farmers at work, and of their tools and animals, demonstrate a serious respect for the life of the Midwestern United States.
他的農民乾活的畫作，以及他們的工具和牲畜，展現了對中西部美國生活的一種嚴肅的尊重。
By the 1930’s, Wood was a leading figure of the school of art called “American regionalism.”
在二十世紀30年代，Wood成為被稱作「美國地方主義」的藝術學院的領導人物。
In an effort to sustain a strong Midwestern artistic movement, Wood established an institute of Midwestern art in his home state.
在一個試圖維持一個強勁的中西部藝術的運動中，Wood在他故鄉的州建立了一所中西部藝術學院。
Although the institute failed, the paintings you are about to see preserve Wood’s vision of pioneer farmers.
儘管學院並不成功，你們即將要見到的畫作保持了Wood的拓荒農民的願景。
25
In today’s class we’ll be examining some nineteenth-century pattern books that were used for building houses.
在今天的課上我們將審查一些十九世紀用來建造房屋的樣本手冊。
I think it’s fair to say that these pattern books were the most important influence on the design of North American houses during the nineteenth century.
我認為公平來講，這些樣本手冊在十九世紀期間北美的房屋設計上有著最重要的影響。
This was because most people who wanted to build a house couldn’t afford to hire an architect.
這是因為大多數想要建造房屋的人雇不起（不能承擔雇傭）建築師（的費用）
Instead, they bought a pattern book, picked out a plan, and took it to the builder.
取而代之，他們買一本樣本手冊，挑選一個計劃，然後把它拿給建築者
The difference in cost was substantial.
費用的差異是很大的。
In 1870, for example, hiring an architect would’ve cost about a hundred dollars.
在十九世紀七十年代，舉例來說，雇一個建築師應該花費大約一百美金。
At the same time, a pattern book written by an architect cost only five dollars.
同時，一個建築師寫的樣本手冊僅僅花費五美金。
At that price, it’s easy to see why pattern books were so popular.
在那種價位，很容易看出為什麼樣本手冊是如此受歡迎。
Some are back in print again today, and of course they cost a lot more than they did a hundred years ago.
今天有一些又回頭出版了，當然它們比一百年前要花費得多的多。
But they’re an invaluable resource for historians, and also for people who restore old houses.
但對歷史學家來說他們是一種無價的資源，同時對修復舊房子的人來說也是如此。
I have a modern reprint here that I’ll be passing around the room in a moment so that everyone can have a look.
我這裡有一本當代的再版，我將會在房間里傳遞一會兒以便每個人能看一眼。
26
When I was in British Columbia last July working at the department’s archaeological dig, I saw the weirdest rainbow.
當我去年七月在British Columbia從事系里的考古發掘（工作）時，我見到了最奇怪的彩虹。
At first I couldn’t believe my eyes because the bands of color I saw weren’t in a single half circle arc across the sky.
開始時我不能相信自己的眼睛，因為我見到的色帶不是在一個穿過天空的單一的半圓弧上
Instead, I saw a full circle of rainbow hues hanging in the sky just above the sea.
取而代之的是，我在略高於大海的天空中見到了一個彩虹色彩的整圓
Inside the circle there was a big white disc and above the circle there was another round band of colors forming a halo.
在圓圈裡面有一個大大的白色圓盤而且在圓圈上面有另一個圓形的色帶形成了一個光暈。
There were curved legs of multicolored light coming off the sides of the circles.
有各種色彩的光的弧形立柱（腿）脫離了圓圈的邊。
It was an incredible sight.
這是個令人難以置信的景象。
I ran back to our main camp and tried to get our cook to come with me to see my fantastic find before it disappeared.
我跑回我們的主營地然後試圖讓我們的廚師在它消失前跟我去看看我的奇異的發現
He just laughed at my excited story and told me that what I saw was nothing special, just some “sun dogs.”
他只是嘲笑了我激動人心的故事，然後告訴我，我所見到的沒什麼特別的，僅僅是一些「太陽狗」（罷了）
He said I’d be sure to see many more before I left.
他說在我離開之前我一定能看到更多。
And sure enough, I did.
還真是，我的確（見到了）
When I got back from the dig, I asked Professor Clark about the “sun dogs,” and she’s going to tell us more about them.
當我從發掘（工作）返回時，我問了Professor Clark關於這個「太陽狗」（的事），然後她將會告訴我們關於它們更多（的情況）
27
It seems like only yesterday that I was sitting where you are, just finishing my first year of medical school and wondering if I’d ever get a chance to use all my new knowledge on a real live patient!
似乎就在昨天，我還坐在你們坐的地方，剛剛完成我醫學院的第一年，然後琢磨著我究竟能否得到一個機會在一個現實生活中的病人身上去應用我所有的新知識。
Well, I have good news for you!
好吧，我有好消息給你們。
You don’t have to wait until your third or fourth year of medical school to get some hands-on experience!
你們不用非得等到你們醫學院的第三或者第四年才得到一些實際動手經驗。
The dean has invited me here to tell you about the university’s rural opportunity program.
系主任邀請我到這兒來告訴你們關於大學的農村項目的機會。
If you enroll in this program, you can have the opportunity this summer, after your first year of medical school, to spend from four to six weeks observing and assisting a real physician like me in a small rural community.
如果你參加這個項目，您能夠在這個夏天有機會，在你醫學院的第一年之後，在一個小型的農村社區花四到六周觀察和協助一個像我一樣的真正的醫師。
You won’t have to compete with other students for time and attention, and you can see what life as a country doctor is really like.
你將不用同其他學生競爭時間和關注，並且你能看到作為一個鄉村醫生的真正生活是像什麼樣子的。
The program was designed to encourage medical students like yourselves to consider careers in rural communities that are still understaffed.
這個項目是被設計用作鼓勵像你們本人一樣的學醫的學生，去考慮在依舊人手不足的農村社區發展事業。
It seems that medical students are afraid to go into rural family practice for two reasons.
看來好像學醫的學生害怕進入農村家庭診所有兩個原因。
First, they don’t know much about it.
第一，他們瞭解的不多。
And second, specialists in the cities usually make more money.
第二，城裡的專科醫生通常掙錢多些。
But, on the up-side, in rural practice, doctors can really get to know their patients and be respected members of the community.
但是，在另一方面，在農村診所，醫生能真正瞭解他們的病人，並且成為社區中受人尊敬的成員。
I participated in the program when it first started and spent six weeks in a small rural town.
我參與了這個項目，當它首次開始的時候，並且在一個小鄉鎮上度過了6周
Let me tell you, it was really great!
讓我告訴你，真的很棒。
I got to work with real patients.
我工作是同真正的病人在一起的
I watched the birth of a child, assisted an accident victim, and had lots of really practical hands-on experience—all in one summer.
我觀察到了一個孩子的出生，輔助（處理或搶救）了一個事故受害人，並且有了很多非常實際的動手實踐經驗——都在一個夏天。
And to my surprise, I found that country life has a lot to offer that city life doesn’t—no pollution or traffic jams, for instance!
而令我驚訝的是，我發現鄉村神火能提供很多城市生活沒有的，例如，沒有污染或堵車
My experience made me want to work where I’m needed and appreciated.
我的經歷讓我想去我被需要和受歡迎的地方工作
I don’t miss the city at all!
我一點兒都不想念城市。
28
In the few minutes that remain of today’s class, I’d like to discuss next week’s schedule with you.
在今天課堂里剩下的幾分鐘時間里，我想和你們討論討論下周的時間安排。
Because I’m presenting a paper at a conference in Detroit on Thursday, I won’t be here for either Wednesday’s or Friday’s class.
因為我週四要在Detroit的一個會議上介紹（提出）一篇論文，週三或週五的課我都將不會在這裡。
I will, however, be here for Monday’s. Next Friday, a week from today, is the midterm exam, marking the halfway point in the semester.
無論如何，我週一都將在這裡。下週五，從今天往後一周，是期中考試，標誌著一個學期的中間點。
Professor Andrews has agreed to administer the exam.
Andrews教授已經同意來管理考試（監考）。
In place of the usual Wednesday class, I’ve arranged an optional review session.
我已經安排了一個選擇性（參加）的復習會，來代替平常的週三課程。
Since it is optional, attendance will not be taken; however, attending the class would be a good idea for those worried about the midterm.
以為是可選擇的，（是否）出席將不會被（要求）；無論怎樣，參加課程對那些擔心期中考試的（人來說）還是個好主意
So, remember: optional class next Wednesday; midterm, Friday.
所以，記住，下週三選修課；週五，期中考試。
29
Today’s lecture will center on prehistoric people of the Nevada desert.
今天的課將集中Nevada沙漠的史前人類。
Now, most of these prehistoric desert people moved across the countryside throughout the year.
現在（語氣詞），大多數那些史前的沙漠人類一年四季穿行在鄉下
You might think that they were wandering aimlessly—far from it!
你能會認為他們在漫無目的的遊蕩——遠非如此。
They actually followed a series of carefully planned moves.
他們事實上遵從著一系列詳細計劃的遷移。
Where they moved depended on where food was available—places where plants were ripening or fish were spawning.
他們遷移到什麼地方取決於什麼地方能得到食物——植物在成熟或者魚在產卵的地方。
Now often when these people moved, they carried all their possessions on their backs, but if the journey was long, extra food and tools were sometimes stored in caves or beneath rocks.
經常當那些人搬遷時，他們在他們背上攜帶者他們所有的財產，但如果行程太長，多餘的食物和工具有時會保存在山洞里或者岩石下
One of these caves is now an exciting archaeological site.
那些洞穴之一，現在是一個令人激動的考古遺跡。
Beyond its small opening is a huge underground grotto.
在它小小入口的遠端，是一個巨大的地底洞穴。
Even though the cave’s very large, it was certainly too dark and dusty for the travelers to live in, but it was a great place to hide things, and tremendous amounts of food supplies and artifacts have been found there.
儘管洞穴很大，對旅行者而言住在裡面確實太黑和太髒（布滿灰塵），但他是一個藏東西的很棒的地方，而且裡面已經被發現了數量驚人的食品給養和史前古人工器物。
The food includes dried fish, seeds, and nuts.
食物包括魚乾，種子和堅果。
The artifacts include stone spear points and knives; the spear points are actually rather small.
史前器物包括了石頭製成的槍尖和刀子；槍尖實際上相當小。
Here’s a picture of some that were found. You can see their size in relation to the hands holding them.
這裡有一些被發現（東西）的一張照片。你們能看到關於手持他們的尺寸（的對照）。
30
To us, the environment in which fish dwell often seems cold, dark, and mysterious.
對我們來說，魚類居住的環境通常顯得冰冷，黑暗，而且神秘。
But there are advantages to living in water, and they have played an important role in making fish what they are.
但是生活在水中是有些優勢的，並且他們（這些優勢）扮演了一個重要的角色，使魚之所以是魚。
One is that water isn’t subject to sudden temperature changes.
其一是水不會受制於溫度的突變。
Therefore it makes an excellent habitat for a cold-blooded animal.
因此對於冷血動物來說它製造了一個優秀的生活環境。
Another advantage is the water’s ability to easily support body weight.
另一個優勢是水有輕易的支撐身體重量的能力
Protoplasm has approximately the same density as water, so a fish in water is almost weightless.
細胞質同水有著大致相同的密度，因此一條魚在水中幾乎是無重量的。
This “weightlessness” in turn means two things: One, a fish can get along with a light weight and simple bone structure, and two, limitations to a fish’s size are practically removed.
這個「沒有重量」依次意味著兩件事：一，一條魚可以同一個輕的體重以及簡單的骨骼結構相處的很好，還有二，對一條魚的大小限制幾乎移除了。
Yet there is one basic difficulty to living in water—the fact that it’s incompressible.
但是在水中生活還有一個基本的困難——它不能壓縮的事實。
For a fish to move through water, it must actually shove it aside. Most can do this by wiggling back and forth in snakelike motion.
對於要穿過水中的一條魚，實際上它必須從它的側面推動。大多數做到這點是通過蛇一樣的動作來回擺動。
The fish pushes water aside by the forward motion of its head, and with the curve of its body and its flexible tail.
魚類通過它們頭部向前的動作，身體的彎曲以及它的有彈性的尾巴把水推到一邊。
Next, the water flows back along the fish’s narrowing sides, closing in at the tail, and helping the fish propel itself forward.
接下來，水順著魚類變窄的兩側流回，在尾巴處合流，然後幫助魚推行它們自己向前。
The fact that water is incompressible has literally shaped the development of fish.
水是不可壓縮的事實，正確地塑造了魚類的發展。
A flat and angular shape can be moved through water only with difficulty.
一個平直的和有角度的形狀能穿過水中被移動，只是會很吃力。
And for this reason, fish have a basic shape that is beautifully adapted to deal with this peculiarity.
由於這個原因，魚類有一個基本的能漂亮適應的外形去對付這種特性。
31
Current studies show that what goes on labels is an important consideration for manufacturers, since more than seventy percent of shoppers read food labels when considering whether to buy a product.
最近的研究表明，對製造商來說，印在標籤上的東西是一項重要的考慮（內容），因為超過百分之七十的購物者當考慮要不要買一個產品的時候會讀食品標籤。
A recent controversy as to whether labels on prepared foods should educate or merely inform the consumer is over, and a consumer group got its way.
最近，一個關於預製食品上的標籤是否教育還是僅僅告知消費者的爭論結束了，並且一個消費者群體最終得償所願。
The group had maintained that product labels should do more than simply list how many grams of nutrients a food contains.
這個群體主張產品標籤應當比僅僅列出一種食品包含了多少克營養物做的更多。
Their contention was that labels should also list the percentage of a day’s total nutrients that the product will supply to the consumer, because this information is essential in planning a healthy diet.
他們的論點是標籤應當也列出該產品將會供給消費者的一天的總營養物的百分比，因為這個信息在計劃一個健康飲食上是必要的。
A government agency disagreed strongly, favoring a label that merely informs the consumer, in other words, a label that only lists the contents of the products.
一個政府機構堅決不同意/強烈反對(上述觀點)，（政府機構）支持標籤僅僅告知消費者（這個觀點），換句話說，標籤只要列出該產品的內容（就夠了）
The agency maintained that consumers could decide for themselves if the food is nutritious and is meeting their daily needs.
該機構支持消費者能夠為他們自己決定是否食物是有營養的並且滿足他們日常所需。
The consumer group, in supporting its case, had cited a survey in which shoppers were shown a food label, and were then asked if they would need more or less of a certain nutrient after eating a serving of this product.
這個消費者群體，在支持它的（這個群體）的實例中，援引了一個調查，在這個調查中購物者被展示一個食品標籤，然後被問到他們是否在吃過這種產品的一份食物後需要或多或少的某種營養物。
The shoppers weren’t able to answer the questions easily when they were not given a specific percentage.
購物者不能容易地回答該問題，當他們沒有被給予一個詳細的百分比的時候。
This study， and others helped get the new regulation passed, and now food products must have the more detailed labels.
這項以及其他的研究幫助新規則獲得通過，那麼現在，食物產品必須有更詳盡的標籤。
32
Good afternoon. I’m here today to talk to you about a career with our airline.
下午好，我今天在這裡和你們談談關於我們航空公司的一項職業。
We’re especially interested in recruiting people to fill openings for flight attendants.
我們對雇人填補空乘人員的空缺尤為有興趣。
First of all, to work as a flight attendant with us, you must be accepted into our training program and with so many people applying, it’s not easy to be selected.
首先，作為一名空中乘務員同我們一起工作，你必須被我們的訓練計劃接受，而且隨著很多人申請，被挑選出來是不容易的。
From the thousands of applications that we receive annually, we choose fewer than a thousand people for training.
從我們每年收到的成千上萬份申請中，我們挑選不到一千人參加培訓。
So, we require experience serving the public; and it also helps if you’ve earned some college credits.
因此，我們服務公眾的經驗；如果你已經得到一些大學學分的話也會有幫助。
Also, not everybody who gets accepted into the training program makes it through.
同時，不是每個被接受進來訓練計劃的人都能通過。
The course meets six days a week for five weeks.
課程上五周，一週六天
The training includes extensive classroom work in such subjects as first aid and passenger psychology as well as practical training in flight procedures and meal service.
培訓包括大量的如急救護理這類科目的課堂作業和乘客心理學，以及在飛行過程中和用餐服務的實習訓練
A lot of our graduates say that our flight attendants develop the skills of a nurse, a headwaiter, and a public relations executive!
很多我們的畢業生說我們的空乘人員顯露了護士、餐廳領班，和公共關係專員的技能。
But, as a flight attendant myself, I can say that all of the hard work is worth it.
但是，我自己作為一個空乘人員，我可以說所有的辛苦工作都是值得的。
Of course, I get to travel throughout the country, and the airline pays all of my expenses while I’m away from my base station.
當然，我得以旅行了全國，而且航空公司在我離開我的基站時支付了所有的我的費用。
And, what I like best of all is that I’ve made friends with people from all over the country!
而且，所有之中我最喜歡的時我交的朋友來自全國各地。
33
Today I want to talk about the Earth’s last major climatic shift, at the end of the last ice age.
今天我想談談關於地球上一次主要的氣候改變，在上個冰河時代的末期。
But first, let’s back up a moment and review what we know about climatic change in general.
但首先，讓我們倒退一會兒，並大體上回顧我們所瞭解的氣候變化。
First, we defined “climate” as consistent patterns of weather over significant periods of time.
首先，我們定義的「氣候」是依照一致的模式，跨越了有效的時間週期的天氣。
In general, changes in climate occur when the energy balance of the Earth is disturbed.
通常，在氣候上的變化發生在地球能量平衡被擾亂的時候。
Solar energy enters the Earth’s atmosphere as light and is radiated by the Earth’s surface as heat.
太陽能以光的形式進入地球大氣，並且經由地球表面以熱的形式被輻射。
Land, water, and ice each affect this energy exchange differently.
陸地，水和冰，每一種（媒介）都在不同程度上影響了這種能量交換。
The system is so complex that to date, our best computer models are only crude approximations and are not sophisticated enough to test hypotheses about the causes of climatic change.
該系統是如此複雜以至於，迄今為止，我們最好的電腦模型也僅僅只是粗略的近似值，而且精度不足以檢驗關於氣候變化原因的假說。
Of course, that doesn’t keep us from speculating.
當然，這個不妨礙我們猜測。
For instance, volcanic activity is one mechanism that might affect climatic change.
例如，火山活動可能是影響氣候變化的一個途徑
When large volcanoes erupt, they disperse tons of particles into the upper atmosphere, where the particles then reflect light.
當大的火山群噴發時，它們撒播了很多的微粒進入上面的大氣層中，於是這些微粒在那裡反射了光。
Since less light is entering the system of energy exchange, the result would be a cooling of the Earth’s surface.
由於較少的光進入了能量交換系統，結果會是地球表面的冷卻。
Of course, this is just one possible mechanism of global climate change.
當然，這只是全球氣候變化的可能的途徑之一。
In all probability, a complete explanation would involve several different mechanisms operating at the same time.
很可能，一個完整的解釋會牽涉幾種不同的途徑在同一時間起作用。
34
I know you’re anxious to get your permits and get started.
我知道你們急於拿到你們的許證可然後開始。
But there’re just a few things I’d like to mention that might help you avoid trouble during your stay.
但有些事情我想提一提，有可能幫助你們在你們停留期間避開麻煩。
First of all, make sure you carry adequate water.
首先，一定要帶足夠的水。
You’ll need it if you’re hiking, especially in this heat.
你們將需要它如果你們徒步的話，尤其在這種炎熱中。
A good rule of thumb is to bring one gallon per person per day this time of year.
好的做法是在每年的這個時候，每人每天要帶一加侖水
Don’t try to rely on the park’s natural springs to supply all your water needs.
不要試圖依靠公園的天然泉水來提供你所有的水的需求。
And please, do not use soap in the springs.
並且拜託，不要在泉水中使用肥皂。
It’s your responsibility to protect the park’s natural features.
保護公園的自然風貌是你們的責任。
For those of you staying beyond the weekend, make sure that you set up camp well away from dry creek beds.
對於你們這些想留下度過週末的，你們扎的帳篷一定要遠離乾燥的河床。
We may get some heavy rainfall, and those creekbeds could quickly become filled with water, and you and all your equipment might end up washed downstream.
我們可能會遇到大雨，然後這些小河床會迅速成為充滿水（的樣子），然後你和你的裝備可能最終會被衝到下游去。
When you pick up your permits, you’ll also get a park services booklet.
當你拿到你的許可證時，你將另外得到一本公園服務手冊。
It’ll tell you everything you need to know about the hiking trails.
上面會告訴你所有你需要知道的關於徒步旅行的路線。
They vary in length, of course, but most of them are under five miles—relatively easy day hikes.
當然了，它們在長度上有所不同，當時它們中的大多數是在五英里以下——相對容易的白日徒步（路線/行程）
Remember, if you’re hiking solo, make sure you let someone know you’re going and when they can expect you back.
記住，如果你是單人徒步，你一定要讓別人知道你走了，並且他們能預期你什麼時候回來。
And . . . uh, for your own safety, we recommend that you not climb rock faces.
還有……呃，為了你們自身的安全，我們建議你們不要爬岩壁
A lot of the rock throughout the park is very unstable.
公園裡遍地都是的岩石很多都非常不穩定。
One final word: watch out for poisonous snakes. Rattlesnake activity is at its peak this time of year, especially at night.
最後一句：小心毒蛇。每年的這個時候是響尾蛇活動的高峰，尤其是在晚上。
For your own good, we recommend wearing protective clothing and carry a flashlight after dark.
為了你們自己好，我們建議穿防護衣，天黑之後要帶手電筒。
35
Last week we talked about Anne Bradstreet and the role of women in the Puritan colonies.
上周我們談論過Anne Bradstreet以及在北美殖民地中女性的角色。
Today I want to talk about some other women who’ve contributed to American history—some famous and some not-so-famous.
今天我想談談對美國歷史作出貢獻的一些其他女性——有些很著名也有些不著名。
The first woman I’d like to talk about is Molly Pitcher.
第一位女性我想要談論的是Molly Pitcher
Those of you who are familiar with the name may know her as a hero of the American Revolution.
你們之中那些熟悉這個名字的，可能會作為美國獨立戰爭的英雄而知道她。
But, in fact, there never was a woman named Molly Pitcher.
但是，事實上，從來沒有一個女人叫做Molly Pitcher。
Her real name was actually Mary Ludwig Hays.
她真正的名字實際上是Mary Ludwig Hays。
She got the nickname Molly Pitcher for her acts of bravery during the Revolutionary War.
她得到Molly Pitcher這個外號是因為她在革命戰爭（美國獨立戰爭）期間的英勇表現。
As the story goes, when Mary’s—or Molly’s—husband, John Hays, enlisted in the artillery, Mary followed, like many other wives did.
據說，當Mary的—或者說 Molly的—丈夫，John Hays，應徵參加了炮兵，Mary跟隨而去，像很多其他的妻子那樣。
She helped out doing washing and cooking for the soldiers.
她幫忙為士兵洗衣做飯。
She was known to be a pretty unusual woman.
她作為一個相當不尋常的女人為人所知。
She smoked a pipe and chewed tobacco.
她抽煙鬥，並且嚼煙草。
Anyway, in the summer of 1778, at the Battle of Monmouth, it was a blistering hot day, maybe over a hundred degrees, and fifty soldiers died of thirst during the battle.
總之，在1778年的夏天，在Monmouth之戰，那是極熱的一天，也許超過了100度，在戰鬥期間五十名士兵死於口渴。
Molly wasn’t content to stay back at camp.
Molly不滿足於留守在營地。
Instead, she ran through gunshots and cannon fire carrying water in pitchers from a small stream out to the thirsty American soldiers.
相反，她跑著穿過槍林彈雨用水罐從小溪中打水送給口渴的美國士兵。
The relief that she brought with her pitchers of water gave her the legendary nickname Molly Pitcher.
她用她水罐里的水帶來的安慰（的事跡），給予了她傳奇的綽號Molly Pitcher。
The story also says that she continued to load and fire her husband’s cannon after he was wounded.
這個故事還說，她在她丈夫受傷之後繼續用他的炮裝彈並開火。
They say she was so well liked by the other soldiers that they call her “Sergeant Molly.”
據說她是如此地受到其他士兵的喜歡，以至於他們稱呼她「Molly軍士」
In fact, legend has it that George Washington himself gave her the special military title.
事實上，傳說George Washington親自給予了她這個特殊的軍銜。
36
Today we’re going to talk about shyness and discuss recent research on ways to help children learn to interact socially.
今天我們將談論一下羞怯，並且討論一下最近在幫助孩子們學習社會交往。
Many people consider themselves shy.
許多人認為他們自己害羞。
In fact, forty percent of people who took part in our survey said they were shy.
事實上，參加我們調查的百分之四十的人說他們自己害羞。
That’s two out of every five people.
這是五分之二的人。
And there are studies to indicate that the tendency toward shyness may be inherited.
並且有研究指出害羞的傾向也許是遺傳的。
But just because certain children are timid, doesn’t mean they are doomed to be shy forever.
但僅僅因為某些孩子是羞怯的，並不意味著他們注定了要永遠害羞。
There are things parents, teachers, and the children themselves can do to overcome this tendency and even to prevent it.
有些事情家長，老師，以及孩子們自己能做，來克服這種傾向甚至能避免這事。
One researcher found that if parents gently push their shy children to try new things, they can help these children become less afraid and less inhibited.
一個研究員發現父母們柔和的推動他們的害羞孩子去嘗試新事物，他們能幫助那些孩子變得少些恐懼和少些羞怯。
Another way to help shy children is to train them in social skills.
另一個幫助害羞的孩子們的方式是在社交技能方面訓練他們。
For example, there are special training groups where children are taught things like looking at other children while talking to them, talking about other people’s interests, and even smiling.
舉個例子，有些特殊的訓練小組，那裡孩子們會被教一些東西，諸如在和其他的孩子說話的時候看著他們，談論關於其他人的興趣，（過程中）甚至是微笑著的。
These groups have been very successful at giving shy children a place to feel safe and accepted, and at building up their self-esteem.
這些在給予害羞孩子一個感覺安全和被認可的地方方面曾經非常成功，還有在建立他們的自尊（方面也非常成功）
37
We’ve just seen two contemporary large birds that cannot fly: the emu and the ostrich.
我們剛剛看過了不能飛的兩種現代的大型鳥類：鴯鶓和鴕鳥
Over here is an interesting specimen from the past.
在這邊還有來自過去的一種有趣的標本。
This stuffed animal is not the giant penguin it appears to be, but an auk.
這個填充玩具動物並不是它看上去那樣的巨型企鵝，而是一隻海雀。
This particular kind of auk is very rare, only 78 skins are known to exist and most are not preserved as well as this one.
這種特殊種類的海雀非常稀有，據瞭解只有78具皮囊存在，而且大多數沒有被保存的像這一個一樣好。
The great auk, as you can see, was a rather large bird, and it couldn’t fly either.
這個大海雀，正如你所看到的，是一隻相當巨大的鳥，而且它也不能飛。
However, evidence suggests that the auk was an excellent swimmer and diver.
不管怎樣，證據表明海雀是一個優秀的游泳者和潛水者。
Unfortunately, those abilities did not protect it from being easy prey for hungry sailors who years ago sailed the very cold and often icy waters of Greenland, Iceland, and Scotland.
不幸的是，這些能力並沒有防止它成為多年前航行在非常寒冷而且經常結冰的Greenland, Iceland, 和 Scotland的水域的飢餓的水手們容易捕獲的獵物。
In fact, records indicate that the auk was rather tasty and that its eggs.
事實上，記錄指出海雀相當的美味可口並且它的蛋，
Excuse me . . . that its eggs and feathers were useful as well.
對不起……它的蛋和羽毛也同樣有用。
Still, it isn’t clear what other factors led to the big bird’s demise around 1844, the last time anyone reported seeing one.
仍然，尚不清楚其他什麼原因導致這種大鳥（在大約1844年）消亡，最後一次有人報告見到一隻（是在大約1844年）。
Of course, we believe it’s important to take extra precautions to preserve the remaining great auk skins.
當然，我們相信採取額外的措施來保護剩餘的大海雀的皮囊是非常重要的。
After all, these specimens should prove invaluable for future scientific research.
畢竟，對未來的科學研究而言這些標本應該是無價的。
Does anyone have any questions before we move on to our next bird exhibit?
在我們轉移到我們接下來的鳥類展覽之前，任何人有任何問題嗎？
38
I’d like to begin by thanking Dr. Kane for inviting me to be here today.
首先，我要感謝Dr. Kane邀請我今天來到這裡。
Although I’m not a geologist, I have been collecting minerals for years.
儘管我不是地質學家，但我已經收集礦物質很多年。
My collection is really diverse because I’ve traveled all over the world to find them.
我的收藏非常的多種多樣，因為我跑遍了全世界去尋找它們。
Today I’ve brought a few specimens for you to see.
今天我帶來了一些樣本來給你們看看。
After I discuss each one, I’ll pass it around so that you can look at it more closely.
我每討論完一種之後，我將會把它傳下去以便你們能更近距離的觀察它。
As you know, feldspars are the most abundant minerals and are divided into a number of types.
如你所知，長石是最豐富的礦物，並且被分為許多種類。
These first samples are orthoclases.
首先這些樣本是正長石。
Notice that they vary in color from white to pink to red.
注意它們在顏色的變化是從白色到粉色到紅色
This glassy one is found in volcanic rock.
這個透明的是在火山岩中被發現的。
In fact, I found it in New Mexico on a collecting trip.
事實上，我是在New Mexico的一個收集之旅中發現的。
This next sample that I’ll pass around is a microcline mineral, also called amazonstone.
下一個我將傳下去的樣本是一種微斜長石礦，也被稱作天河石。
You can identify it by its bright green color.
你可以通過它明亮的綠色來識別出它。
It’s often used in jewelry and really is quite attractive.
它通常應用在珠寶上，並且真的很吸引人。
These final samples are all plagioclase feldspars.
這些最後的樣本都是斜長石。
Many plagioclases are very rare, so I’m particularly proud of the variety in my collection.
許多斜長石都是非常稀少，所以我特別驕傲於我的收藏的多樣性。
I’ve also brought a few slides of some larger mineral samples, and if you’ll turn out the light now, I’d like to show them to you.
我還帶來了某些大的礦物樣本的幾個幻燈片，而且你們如果關上燈，我想把他們展示給你們。
39
Welcome to Yellowstone National Park.
歡迎來到黃石國家公園。
Before we begin our nature walk today, I’d like to give you a short history of our National Park Service.
在我們開始我們今天的自然漫步之前，我想給你們（說說或者介紹一下）我們國家公園管理局的一段短短的歷史
The National Park Service began in the late 1800’s.
國家公園服務開始於十九世紀晚期。
A small group of explorers had just completed a month-long exploration of the region that is now Yellowstone.
一小群探險家剛剛完成長達一個月的區域探索，那就是現在的黃石。
They gathered around a campfire, and after hours of discussion, they decided that they should not claim this land for themselves.
他們圍著一堆篝火，並且討論了幾個小時之後，他們決定他們不應該聲稱這片土地屬於他們自己。
They felt it should be accessible to everyone.
他們決定每個人都應該可以進入。
So they began a campaign to preserve this land for everyone’s enjoyment.
於是他們開始一項運動去為了每個人的樂趣來維護這片土地。
Two years later, in the late nineteenth century, an act of Congress signed by President Ulysses S. Grant proclaimed the Yellowstone region a public park.
兩年後，在十九世紀晚期，一項被Ulysses S Grant簽署了的國會法案宣告了黃石地區為公眾公園。
It was the first national park in the world.
這是世界上第一座國家公園。
After Yellowstone became a public park, many other areas of great scenic importance were set aside, and in 1916 the National Park Service was established to manage these parks.
在黃石成為了一座公共公園之後，許多其他的有很棒的風景勝地的重要性的區域被挑出，然後在1916年國家公園管理局被建立來管理這些公園。
As a park ranger, I am an employee of the National Park Service.
作為一名公園管理員，我是國家公園管理局的一名僱員。
In a national park, park rangers are on duty at all times to answer questions and help visitors in any difficulty.
在國家公園中，公園管理員們是全天候值班來回答問題並幫助有任何困難的遊客。
Nature walks, guided tours, and campfire talks are offered by specially trained staff members.
自然漫步，由導遊帶領的旅行，還有篝火會談由受過專門培訓的工作人員提供。
The park service also protects the animals and plants within the parks.
公園管理（工作）也保護公園內的動物和植物。
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I need to make sure you understand how to get housing for next year.
我需要確定你們知道如何為下一年得到住房。
When you entered as first-year students this year, the school assigned you to a dorm and a roommate, but next year as returning students you’ll choose both your roommate and your dorm.
當你們今年作大一新生進來（入學）的時候，學校分配給你一間宿舍和一個室友，但是下一年作為（返校生）老生，你們將既選擇室友而且還選擇宿舍。
But whether or not you actually get to live in your first choice depends on what number you or your roommate draws in the lottery system.
但你們是否得以真正入住你們的第一選擇，要取決於你或你的室友在抽籤系統中抽到的數字。
The system gives priority to the students who have been here longest.
該系統給予在這裡（時間）最長的學生優先權。
Fourth-year students get the first block of numbers, third-years get the second block, and second-years—like you’ll be—get the third.
四年級學生得到第一組數字，三年級（學生）得到第二組，然後二年級——比如你們即將成為的——得到第三（組）
The lower the number you draw, the sooner you choose.
你抽到的數字越低，你選擇越早。
Number one gets the first choice; number two gets the second choice, and so on.
第一號得到第一個選擇，第二號得到第二個選擇，以此類推（等等/諸如此類）。
You can use either your own or your intended roommate’s number to make your room choice.
你可以用你自己的或者你的打算中的（住同屋的）室友的數字去做你的房間選擇。
If your roommate for next year has been at the school longer than you have, they’ll be in a better block of numbers and so will have a better number than any second-year student.
如果你下一年的室友在學校的時間比你長，他們將在（處於）一組更好的數字中，因此將會有比任何二年級學生都好的數字。
But most of you will probably be rooming with other second-year students and so neither of you may have a great number.
但你們中的大部分人將可能同其他大二學生同住一起，因此你們都不會有一個很棒的數字。
You may not get into your first or even second choice.
你可能不會得以進入你的第一甚至是第二選擇。
Of course, if you’ve made plans to live off campus, you don’t need to enter the lottery at all.
當然，如果你制訂了住在校外的計劃，你就根本不用參加抽籤了。
Dorm space will be especially tight this year because the dorms on North Campus will be closed for renovations.
今年宿舍地方尤其緊，因為在北校園的宿舍因為翻新將被關閉。
This means that those of you who draw the worst numbers won’t be able to get dorm housing at all.
這意味著你們那些抽到最差數字的最終將不能得到宿舍。
In that case, the housing office will help you find off-campus housing.
既然那樣，住房辦公室將幫你找到校外的住房。