句子單字連音

(a.) 子音 + 子音

當遇到前面一個字的字尾跟下一個字的字首都是子音的時候，通常前面一個子音會不發音。

E.g., black coffee 會唸成 bla-coffee ck 跟 c 都發子音 [k] ，所以 black 的 ck 就省略不發音。

E.g., keep peace 唸成 kee-peace
keep 中 p 省略不發音。

E.g., handsome man 會唸成 handsoman
handsome 中的 e 本身就不發音，以 m 音收尾所以可以直接跟 man 一起唸。

(b.) 子音 + 母音

當遇到前面一個字的字尾是子音，下一個字的字首是母音的時候，兩個音會連在一起念。
E.g., Not at all 會唸成 No-ta-tall
[t] 是子音，[a] 是母音，[t] 會融入下個單字形成連音。

E.g., Keep it 唸成 Kee-pit
[p] 是子音，[i] 是母音，[p] 和 [i] 連在一起念。

E.g., red apples 唸成 re-da-pples
[d] 是子音，[a] 是母音，[d] 和 [a] 連在一起念。

(c.) t + d

雖然 [t] 跟 [d] 是不同的子音，但是在發音系統上都屬於舌上音，兩者聽起來會十分相像，因此也適用於子音的連音規則。

E.g., What do you do 會唸成 Wha-de-ye-do
子音 [t] 遇上 [d] 所以 what 的 [t] 不發音，這句話唸得很快的時候原本的字母 o 會發成像注音符號「ㄜ」的音。

E.g., good time 唸成 goo-time
省略 d 不發音。

單字字母連音

(a.) tr 唸 chr

有些單字在發音的時候字母會被擠壓， tr 發音的時候聽起來會像 chr 。

E.g., tree 會唸成 chr-ee
E.g., country 唸成 cun-chry
E.g., travel 唸成 chra-vel

(b.) dr 唸 jr

如果要發 dr 的音，舌頭就要移動得很快，所以在口語上為了方便會唸成 jr 。

E.g., hundred 唸成 hun-j-red
E.g., did you 唸成 di-jou

創造和發音的非正式縮略語

Creating and Pronouncing Informal Contractions

1. 單字重讀，其他發音要輕  （Pronounce the word faster and more quietly than stressed words）
2. 將元音改成弱元音或弱讀、吞音（ Change the vowel sound to a schwa or other reduced sound）
   • to: /tu/ → /tə/ or ‘tuh’
   • you: /yu/ → /yə/ or ‘yuh’
   • do: /du/ → /də/ or ‘duh’
   • can: /kæn/ → /kɪn/ or ‘kin’
   • your: /yɔr/ → /yɚ/ or ‘yer’ (Learn to pronounce /ɚ/)
3. 常見的縮略詞 （Use common contractions）
   • I have → I’ve
   • do not → don’t
4. 非正的縮略詞  （Use informal contractions）
   • want to → ‘wanna’
   • could you → ‘couldja’
5. 省略單詞開頭的發音 （Omit sounds from the beginning of words )
   • omit /h/ from ‘he, him, her’
   • omit ‘th’ from ‘them’

非中央元音（非重讀音節的元音） Schwa

非中央元音 Schwa+r

schwa+r /ɚ/ 是 r 控制的元音。 雖然大多數 ESL/ELL 學生和老師都知道這種發音通常拼寫為“e-r”、“i-r”和“ur”（如“her”、“girl”和“burn”等詞） ，很少有人意識到音節重音對這個聲音的重要性。 此外，非語音單詞可能會導致這種常見聲音的明顯困難。

The schwa+r /ɚ/ is an r-controlled vowel sound. While most ESL/ELL students and teachers are aware that this sound is commonly spelled ‘e-r’, ‘i-r’, and ‘u-r’ (as in the words ‘her,’ ‘girl,’ and ‘burn’), few realize the significance syllable stress has on this sound. Also, non-phonetic words can cause definite difficulty with this common sound.

Schwa+r 是一個 r 控制的元音。 美式英語發音有四個 r 控制的元音。 r 控制的元音是改變質量的元音，因為它後面跟著一個 r 音。 四個 r 控制的元音是：

Schwa+r is an r-controlled vowel. American English pronunciation has four r-controlled vowels. An r-controlled vowel is a vowel sound that changes quality because it is followed by an r sound. The four r-controlled vowels are:

1. schwa+r /ɚ/ as in the word stir
2. ar sound /ɑr/ as in the word star
3. air sound /ɛr/ as in the word stair
4. or sound /ɔr/ as in the word store

與 “to” 的縮寫 (Contractions with “to”)

1. going to → gonna: /gʌnə/
2. have to → hafta: /hæftə/
3. has to → hasta: /hæstə/
4. had to → hadta: /hædtə/
5. used to → useta: /yustə/

與 “you” 的縮寫  (Contractions with “you”)

1. did you → didja: /dɪʤə/
2. did you → didja: /dɪʤə/
3. could you → couldja: /kʊʤə/
4. would you → wouldja: /wʊʤə/
5. how did you → howdja: /haʊʤə/
6. what do you → whadaya: /wʌdəjə/
7. where did you → wheredja: /wɛrʤə/
8. what did you → whadja: /wʌʤə/

與 “of” 的縮寫 (Contractions with “of”)

1. kind of → kinda: /kɑɪndə/
2. kind of → kinda: /kɑɪndə/
3. lot of → lotta: /lɑt̬ə/
4. lots of → lotsa: /lɑtsə/

與 “would have” 的縮寫 (Contraction with “would have”)

單詞“would have”的非正式縮寫形式可以發音為 /də/，也可以在發音中包含 /v/。 例如，“sheda” /ʃidə/ 也可以發音為 /ʃidəv/。 當下一個單詞以元音開頭時，很可能包含 /v/。

The informally contracted form of the words “would have” can be pronounced as /də/, or can also include /v/ in the pronunciation. For instance, “sheda” /ʃidə/ could also be pronounced /ʃidəv/. The inclusion of the /v/ is likely when the next word begins with a vowel sound.

1. she would have → sheda: /ʃidə/
2. he would have → heda: /hidə/
3. we would have → weda: /widə/ 4: I would have → Ida: /ɑɪdə/
4. they would have → theyda: /ðeɪdə/
5. you would have → youda: /yudə/

*must have → musta: /mʌstə/
*might have → mighta: /mɑɪt̬ə/

Schwa+r spelling and pronunciation video

The schwa+r /ɚ/ is an r-controlled vowel sound. While most ESL/ELL students and teachers are aware that this sound is commonly spelled ‘e-r’, ‘i-r’, and ‘u-r’ (as in the words ‘her,’ ‘girl,’ and ‘burn’), few realize the significance syllable stress has on this sound. Also, non-phonetic words can cause definite difficulty with this common sound.
schwa+r Spelling and Pronunciation

schwa 英 [ʃwɑː] 美 [ʃwɑː] n. 非中央元音；非重读音节的元音

Schwa+r is an r-controlled vowel. American English pronunciation has four r-controlled vowels. An r-controlled vowel is a vowel sound that changes quality because it is followed by an r sound. The four r-controlled vowels are:

1. schwa+r /ɚ/ as in the word stir
2. ar sound /ɑr/ as in the word star
3. air sound /ɛr/ as in the word stair
4. or sound /ɔr/ as in the word store

https://pronuncian.com/informal-contractions

Contractions with “to”

1. going to → gonna: /gʌnə/
   have to → hafta: /hæftə/
   has to → hasta: /hæstə/
   had to → hadta: /hædtə/
   used to → useta: /yustə/
   Contractions with “you”
2. did you → didja: /dɪʤə/
   did you → didja: /dɪʤə/
   could you → couldja: /kʊʤə/
   would you → wouldja: /wʊʤə/
   how did you → howdja: /haʊʤə/
   what do you → whadaya: /wʌdəjə/
   where did you → wheredja: /wɛrʤə/
   what did you → whadja: /wʌʤə/
   Contractions with “of”
3. kind of → kinda: /kɑɪndə/
   kind of → kinda: /kɑɪndə/
   lot of → lotta: /lɑt̬ə/
   lots of → lotsa: /lɑtsə/
   Contraction with “would have”

The informally contracted form of the words “would have” can be pronounced as /də/, or can also include /v/ in the pronunciation. For instance, “sheda” /ʃidə/ could also be pronounced /ʃidəv/. The inclusion of the /v/ is likely when the next word begins with a vowel sound.

1. she would have → sheda: /ʃidə/
2. he would have → heda: /hidə/
3. we would have → weda: /widə/
   4: I would have → Ida: /ɑɪdə/
4. they would have → theyda: /ðeɪdə/
5. you would have → youda: /yudə/

must have → musta: /mʌstə/
might have → mighta: /mɑɪt̬ə/