1
Community service is an important component of education here at our university.
在我們大學這裡，社區服務是教育的一個重要組成部分
We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one community activity before they graduate.
我們鼓勵所有的學生志願參加至少一次社區活動在他們畢業前
A new community program called “One On One” helps elementary students who’ve fallen behind.
一個新的社區計劃，叫做「一對一」，幫助落後的小學生
You education majors might be especially interested in it because it offers the opportunity to do some teaching—that is, tutoring in math and English.
你們教育專業的可能對此尤其感興趣，因為它提供了教學的機會，也就是說，輔導數學和英語
You’d have to volunteer two hours a week for one semester. You can choose to help a child with math, English, or both.
你們必須在一學期內每周志願服務兩個小時。你可以選擇幫助一個孩子的數學、英語或兩個都幫。
Half-hour lessons are fine, so you could do a half hour of each subject two days a week.
半個小時的課程就好，所以你可以每項做半個小時, 一周做兩天。
Professor Dodge will act as a mentor to the tutors—he’ll be available to help you with lesson plans or to offer suggestions for activities.
Dodge教授會擔任家教們的輔導者，他將能夠幫你做授課計劃或者提供活動的建議
He has office hours every Tuesday and Thursday afternoon.
他每週二、四的下午有工作時間。
You can sign up for the program with him and begin the tutoring next week.
你可以在他那兒報名參加計劃，並且下周開始家教
I’m sure you’ll enjoy this community service and you’ll gain valuable experience at the same time.
我相信你將會享受這個社區服務，同時你將獲得有價值的經驗
It looks good on your resume, too, showing that you’ve had experience with children and that you care about your community.
這個也會在你的履歷上看起來很好，顯示你有孩子方面的經驗，同時你很關心你的社區。
If you’d like to sign up, or if you have any questions, stop by Professor Dodge’s office this week.
如果你想報名參加，或者你有任何問題，這周拜訪一下Dodge教授的辦公室。
2
I hope you’ve all finished reading the assigned chapter on insurance so that you’re prepared for our discussion today.
我希望你們都已經讀完了保險上的指定章節，所以你們已經準備好了咱們今天的討論。
But, before we start, I’d like to mention a few things your text doesn’t go into.
但是，在我們開始之前，我想提及一些你們課本上沒有探究的事
It’s interesting to note that insurance has existed in some form for a very long time.
值得注意的是，保險已經以某種形式存在了很長一段時間
The earliest insurance policies were what we are called bottomry（use boats as mortgage） contracts.
最早的保險契約被我們稱作壓船借款合同
They provided shipping protection for merchants as far back as 3000 B.C.
他們早在公元前3000年就為商人提供了海運保護
In general, the contracts were often no more than verbal agreements.
一般來說，這些合同通常也不過是口頭協議
They granted loans to merchants with the understanding that if a particular shipment of goods was lost at sea, the loan didn’t have to be repaid.
他們發放貸款給商人，帶著這樣的諒解：如果一船特定的貨物損失在海上，貸款不必償還。
Interest on the loans varied according to how risky it was to transport the goods.
貸款的利息的變化取決於運送貨物的風險程度
During periods of heavy piracy at sea, for example, the amount of interest and the cost of the policy went up considerably.
在海上盜賊嚴重的時期，舉例來說，利息的數量和保單的代價上升的相當之高。
So, you can see how insurance helped encourage international trade.
所以，你能看到保險是如何幫助並激勵國際貿易的
Even the most cautious merchants became willing to risk shipping their goods over long distances, not to mention in hazardous weather conditions when they had this kind of protection available.
即使最謹慎的商人也變得願意冒險去長距離運送他們的貨物，更不用說在危險的天氣條件下當他們能得到這種保護了。
Generally speaking, the basic form of an insurance policy has been pretty much the same since the Middle Ages.
一般而言，保單的基本形式從中世紀以來基本上是一致的
There are four points that were salient then and remain paramount in all policies today.
那時，有四點是突出的，並且至今在所有保單中依然是最重要的。
These were outlined in chapter six and will serve as the basis for the rest of today’s discussion.
這些被概述在第六章，並將作為今天討論剩餘部分的基礎。
Can anyone tell me what one of those points might be?
有人能告訴我這幾點的其中之一可能是什麼嗎？
3
Located at the NASA Research Center in Iowa is a 5,000-gallon vat of water, and inside the tank is an underwater treadmill designed by Dava Newman, an aerospace engineer.
在在愛荷華美國國家航空航天局研究中心有一大桶5000加侖的水，在水槽內有一個水下跑步機，由Dava Newman，一個航空工程師設計。
For four years Newman observed scuba divers as they simulated walking on the Moon and on Mars on her underwater moving belt.
四年來，Newman觀察了水肺潛水員們，他們在她的水下移動帶上模擬在月球和火星上行走。（四年來，當水肺潛水員們在她設計的水下移動帶上模擬月球和火星上行走時，Newman觀察了他們。）
She wanted to discover how the gravity of the Moon and of Mars would affect human movement.
她想要發現月球和火星的重力是如何影響人體運動的。
To do this, Newman attached weights to the divers and then lowered them into the tank and onto the treadmill.
為此，Newman附加了重量在潛水員身上並且把他們下放到水箱中的跑步機上。
These weights were carefully adjusted so that the divers could experience underwater the gravity of the Moon and of Mars as they walked on the treadmill.
這些重量是仔細校准過的，所以潛水員們能夠在水下體驗月球和火星的重力，當他們行走在跑步機上時。（所以當他們走在跑步機上時，潛水員們能夠在水下體驗月球和火星的重力）
Newman concluded that walking on Mars will probably be easier than walking on the Moon.
Newman推斷行走在火星上可能會比行走在月球上容易些
The Moon has less gravity than Mars does, so at lunar gravity, the divers struggled to keep their balance and walked awkwardly.
月球比火星重力小，所以在月球的重力下，潛水員們要盡力保持他們的平衡並且步履蹣跚。
But at Martian gravity, the divers had greater traction and stability and could easily adjust to a pace of 1.5 miles per hour.
但在火星的重力下，潛水員們有較大的抓地力和穩定性並且能夠輕鬆適應1.5英里每小時的步速。
As Newman gradually increased the speed of the treadmill, the divers took longer, graceful strides until they comfortably settled into an even quicker pace.
當Newman逐漸增加跑步機速度的時候，潛水員們使用長一些，優雅的步伐，直到他們舒服的適應了一個甚至更快的步速。
Newman also noted that at Martian gravity, the divers needed less oxygen. The data Newman collected will help in the future design of Martian space suits.
Newman也注意到在火星的重力下，潛水員需要較少的氧氣。被Newman收集的數據將會在未來有助於火星宇航服的設計。
Compared to lunar space suits, Martian space suits will require smaller air tanks; and, to allow for freer movement, the elbow and knee areas of the space suits will also be altered.
同月球的宇航服相比，火星的宇航服將會要求小一些的空氣箱，並且，允許更加自由的運動，宇航服肘部和區域也將被改變
4
Welcome to Everglades National Park.
歡迎來到Everglades國家公園
The Everglades is a watery plain covered with saw grass that’s home to numerous species of plants and wildlife.
Everglades是一個被鋸齒草覆蓋著的濕潤的平原，是許多種植物和野生動植物的故鄉。
At one and a half million acres, it’s too big to see it all today, but this tour will offer you a good sampling.
因為150萬英畝（大小），它太大了而不能今天都看完，但是這次旅行將會提供你一個好的樣本。
Our tour bus will stop first at Taylor Slough.
我們的旅遊巴士將首先停在Taylor Slough
This is a good place to start because it’s home to many of the plants and animals typically associated with the Everglades.
這是一個開始的好地方，因為這裡是許多同Everglades有關係的動植物的故鄉。
You’ll see many exotic birds， and, of course, our world famous alligators.
你將會見到許多奇異的鳥類，當然還有，我們世界聞名的短吻鰐
Don’t worry, there’s a boardwalk that goes across the marsh, so you can look down at the animals in the water from a safe distance.
不用擔心，有一條木板路穿過沼澤，所以你可以從一個安全的距離向下看動物。
The boardwalk is high enough to give you a great view of the saw grass prairie.
木板路高到足以給你一個很棒的鋸齒草大草原的景觀。
From there we’ll head to some other marshy and even jungle like areas that feature wonderful tropical plant life.
從那裡我們將去向另一些濕地乃至叢林似的以美好的熱帶叢林植物為特色的區域
For those of you who’d like a closer view of the saw grass prairie, you might consider renting a canoe sometime during your visit here.
對於你們誰喜歡鋸齒草大草原近距離景觀的，你們應該考慮在你們參觀的期間租一個獨木舟
However, don’t do this unless you have a very good sense of direction and can negotiate your way through tall grass.
然而，別這麼做，除非你有非常好的方向感，並且能夠穿過長草找到你的路
We’d hate to have to come looking for you.
我們痛恨不得不來尋找你
You have the good fortune of being here in the winter—the best time of year to visit.
你們冬季在這裡是很幸運的—一年中最好的時間來遊覽
During the spring and summer, the mosquitoes will just about to eat you alive!
在春夏期間，蚊子將會活生生的吃了你。
Right now they’re not so bothersome, but you’ll still want to use an insect repellent.
現在它們還沒那麼令人討厭，但是你將仍然會想要使用驅蟲劑的
5
Thank you. It’s great to see so many of you interested in this series on “Survival in Outer Space.”
謝謝。見到你們這麼多人對「生存在外層空間」這個系列感興趣真是太棒了。
Please excuse the cameras, we’re being videotaped for the local TV stations.
請原諒這些攝像機，我們正在為地方電視台錄像。
Tonight I’m going to talk about the most basic aspect of survival—the space suit.
今晚我將要談論關於最基本的生存方面——宇航服
When most of you imagine an astronaut, that’s probably the first thing that comes to mind, right?
當你們中的大多數人想象一個宇航員的時候，那個可能是腦子里首先要想到的，對嗎？
Well, without space suits, it would not be possible for us to survive in space.
好，沒有宇航服，對我們來說生存在太空中是不可能的。
For example, outer space is a vacuum—there’s no gravity or air pressure; without protection, a body would explode.
舉例來說，外層空間是一個真空空間——沒有重力和氣壓；沒有防護的話，人體將會爆炸。
What’s more, we’d cook in the sun or freeze in the shade with temperatures ranging from a toasty 300 degrees above to a cool 300 degrees below zero Fahrenheit.
更重要的是，從酷熱的零上300華氏度到冰冷的零下300華氏度的溫度範圍里，我們會在陽關下被烤熟或者在陰影下被冰封
The space suit that NASA has developed is truly a marvel.
NASA研制出的的宇航服真是個奇跡
This photo enlargement here is a life-size image of an actual space suit worn by astronauts on the last space shuttle mission.
這張放大的照片是個與實物大小一樣的，一件真正的被宇航員在最近一次航天飛機任務中穿過的圖像
This part is the torso.
這個部分是軀乾。
It’s made of seven extremely durable layers.
它是由七個極其耐用的層次製成的
This thick insulation protects against temperature extremes and radiation.
這個厚厚的隔離層防禦了極端溫度和輻射。
Next is what they call a “bladder” of oxygen that’s an inflatable sac, filled with oxygen, to simulate atmospheric pressure.
下一個是所謂的氧氣囊，那是一個可充氣的囊，充滿了氧氣，用來模擬大氣壓強。
This bladder presses against the body with the same force as the Earth’s atmosphere at sea level.
這個囊狀物壓在皮膚上，帶著同樣的力量，就像地球空氣在海平面上一樣。
The innermost layers provide liquid cooling and ventilation.
最內層提供了液體冷卻和通風設備。
Despite all the layers, the suit is flexible, allowing free movement so we can work.
儘管有所有這些層，宇航服是有靈活性的，允許自由運動，所以我們能夠工作。
Another really sophisticated part of the space suit is the helmet.
另一個非常複雜的宇航服的部分是頭盔
I brought one along to show you. Can I have a volunteer come and demonstrate?
我帶了一個過來展示給你們。我能找個志願者過來演示一下嗎？
6
Good evening. My name is Pam Jones, and on behalf of the Modern Dance club, I’d like to welcome you to tonight’s program.
晚上好，我的名字叫Pam Jones，代表現代舞俱樂部，我想歡迎大家來到今晚的節目。
The club is pleased to present the TV version of The Catherine Wheel, Twyla Tharp’s rock ballet.
本俱樂部很榮幸地介紹Catherine Wheel（凱薩琳車輪）的電視版，Twyla Tharp的搖滾芭蕾舞。
This video version of the ballet has been even more successful with audiences than the original theater production.
這個芭蕾舞的視頻版在觀眾中甚至已獲得比原始的劇場作品更大的成功。
It includes some animation, slow motion, and stop-action freezes that really help the audience understand the dance.
它包括了一些動畫，慢動作，和靜止動作等能真正幫助觀眾理解舞蹈。
The title of the piece refers to Saint Catherine, who died on a wheel in 307 A.D.
這個作品的名字指的是Saint Catherine（聖凱瑟琳），她於公元307年死於一個輪子上
Nowadays, a Catherine wheel is also a kind of firework.
現如今，Catherine Wheel也是一種煙火（轉輪煙火）
It looks something like a pinwheel.
它看起來像某種轉輪焰火。
Anyway, the dance is certainly full of fireworks!
不管怎樣，該舞蹈確實充滿了焰火！
You’ll see how Twyla Tharp explores one family’s attempt to confront the violence in modern life.
你將會看到Twyla Tharp是如何探究一個家庭在現代生活中面對暴力的嘗試
The central symbol of the work is a pineapple, but exactly what it represents has always created a lot of controversy.
作品的核心象徵是一個菠蘿，但是究竟它代表了什麼一直引起諸多爭議
As you watch, see if you can figure it out.
當你們觀看的時候，看看你們能否弄明白
The music for this piece is full of the rhythmic energy of rock music.
這篇作品的配樂充滿了搖滾樂的節奏能量
It was composed by David Byrne.
由David Byrne作曲，
Of the rock band Talking Heads?
（David Byrne）貌似是來自搖滾樂隊Talking Heads？
And the lead dancer in this version was Sara Rudner, who is perfectly suited to Tharp’s adventurous choreography.
這個版本的領舞是Sara Rudner，她完全適合Tharp的大膽的編舞
Following the video, dance teacher Mary Parker will lead a discussion about the symbolism Ms. Tharp used.
伴隨著視頻，舞蹈老師Mary Parker將會引導一個關於Ms. Tharp所用的象徵主義的討論。
We hope you can stay for that.
我們希望你們能夠為此而留下
So, enjoy tonight’s video and thank you for your support.
那麼，享受今晚的視頻，並且感謝大家的支持
7
In our lab today, we’ll be testing the hypothesis that babies can count as early as five months of age.
今天在我們的實驗室，我們將會測試這個假設，就是嬰兒早在五個月大時就能計數了。
The six babies here are all less than six months old.
這裡的六個嬰兒全部小於六個月大。
You’ll be watching them on closed-circuit TV and measuring their responses.
你們將在閉路電視上觀看他們，然後衡量他們的反應
The experiment is based on the well-established observation that babies stare longer if they don’t see what they expect to see.
實驗是基於已經得到確認的觀察報告，就是嬰兒們會凝視久一些，如果他們沒看到他們期待看到的東西的話
First, we’re going to let two dolls move slowly in front of the babies.
首先，我們將會讓兩個玩偶在嬰兒們的前面緩緩移動。
The babies will see the two dolls disappear behind a screen.
嬰兒們將會看到兩個玩偶消失在一個屏風的後面。
Your job is to record, in seconds, how long the babies stare at the dolls when the screen is removed.
你們的工作是記錄，以秒為單位，嬰兒們會盯著玩偶看多久，當屏風被移開時。
In the next stage, two dolls will again move in front of the babies and disappear.
在下一階段（接下來），兩個玩偶將依然在嬰兒們面前移動並且消失。
But then a third doll will follow.
不過第三個玩偶將會跟隨著。
When the screen is removed, the babies will only see two dolls.
當屏風被移走時，嬰兒們將只會看到兩個玩偶。
If we’re right, the babies will now stare longer because they expect three dolls but only see two.
如果我們是正確的，嬰兒們現在將會凝視的更久些，因為他們期待三個玩偶但是只看見兩個
It seems remarkable to think that such young children can count.
想想這麼小的孩子能計數似乎非同尋常。
My own research has convinced me that they have this ability from birth.
我自己的研究說服了我，他們從出生就有這種能力。
But whether they do or not, perhaps we should raise another question.
但不論他們是真有還是沒有，也許我們都應該提出另一個問題。
Should we take advantage of this ability by teaching children mathematics at such a young age?
我們應該利用這個能力在如此小的年齡來教孩子們數學嗎？
They have great untapped potential, but is it good for parents to pressure young children?
他們擁有巨大的尚未開發的潛能，但是對家長來說去壓迫小孩子這樣好嗎？
8
Before starting our tour of Monticello, I’d like to give you some historical facts that might help you appreciate what you see today even more.
在開始我們的Monticello之旅前，我想給你們一些史實，這會幫助你們更多的欣賞你們今天看到的。
Monticello was the very much loved home of Thomas Jefferson for over fifty years.
Monticello是Thomas Jefferson（托馬斯傑斐遜）深沈摯愛了五十多年的家。
Jefferson, who was, of course, President, was also a great reader and language enthusiast.
Jefferson，曾經是，當然了，總統，也是一個很熱愛讀書的人和語言愛好者。
He read widely on different subjects, including architecture.
他在不同的科目上閱讀廣博，包括了建築學。
He wasn’t formally trained in architecture, but as a result of his study and observation of other buildings, he was able to help design and build the house.
他在建築學上沒有經過正規培訓，但是作為他研究和觀察其他建築的結果，他能夠幫助設計和建造房屋。
He chose the site himself, naming the estate “Monticello,” which means “little mountain” in Italian.
他自己選擇了地點，命名這個地產”Monticello”，這在意大利語中的意思是「小山」。
In fact, many of the ideas behind the design also came from the Italian architect Andrea Palladio, who lived in the sixteenth century and who had a great influence on the architecture of England.
事實上，許多設計背後的理念也是來自於意大利建築師Andrea Palladio，他生活在16世紀並且他在英國的建築上有著巨大的影響。
Jefferson, however, ignored one of Palladio’s principles, that is, not to build in a high place.
然而，Jefferson，忽略了Palladio的一個原則，既，不在高處建房。
Monticello’s elevation made the transportation of what was needed at the house—for example, food—especially difficult.
Monticello的海拔使得房屋中的必需品的運輸，比如，食物—極其困難。
But the view from the estate would not be as spectacular if Jefferson had followed Palladio’s advice;
但是來自這個地產的景觀也就不會如此壯觀，如果Jefferson 聽從了Palladio的建議。
there really is no boundary between the house and the nature around it, and so Jefferson was able to look out on his beloved state of Virginia from his wonderful vantage point.
在房子和環繞它的大自然之間真的沒有界限，所以Jefferson才能夠從他絕妙的優勢地點面對他所摯愛的佛吉尼亞州。
Now we’ll go on to Jefferson’s library.
現在，我們將接著去Jefferson的圖書館。
9
Now that we’ve all introduced ourselves to the new members, let’s get down to work.
現在我們都已經向新的會員介紹了我們自己，讓我們開始工作吧。
As the committee in charge of this year’s tree-planting project, we have several items on our agenda.
因為委員會負責今年的植樹計劃，我們有幾個項目在我們的議程上。
First, we have to review the budget.
首先，我們不得不回顧一下預算。
The president has informed me that the trustees have set aside $3,000 for the purchase of trees and our environmental T-shirt sale netted a profit of $1,500.
主席已經通知了我，受託人已經撥出3000美元來買樹，而且我們的環保T恤銷售賺到利潤1500美元。
Second, we have to finalize the choice of trees.
第二，我們必須最後定下來所選擇的樹
As you know, we’re working with Richardson’s Nursery again this year since everyone seemed pleased with the work he did for us last year.
正如你們所知道的，我們今年再次與Richardson的苗圃共事，因為每個人似乎都對去年他為我們所做的工作感到滿意。
Mr. Richardson has presented us with several choices within our price range that he thinks would meet our needs.
Richardson先生已經向我們提供了幾種在我們價格範圍內的選擇，並且他認為會滿足我們的需求。
He’s sent us pictures of the trees for us to look at, but he wanted me to tell you that we’re welcome to visit the nursery if we want to see the trees themselves.
他送了我們樹的照片為了給我們看看，但是想讓我告訴你們，歡迎大家去參觀苗圃，如果我們想親自去看看樹的話。
Lastly, we need to plan some kind of ceremony to commemorate the planting.
最後，我們需要去策劃某種儀式來紀念這次植樹。
Several ideas, including a garden party of some sort, have been suggested.
幾個想法，包括了一個某種形式的花園派對，已經被提出了。
So let’s get on with it and turn to the first order of business.
那麼讓我們繼續，並且致力於（開始）第一個議程。
10
Welcome to the Four Winds Historical Farm, where traditions of the past are preserved for visitors like you.
歡迎來到Four Winds歷史農場，在這裡過去的傳統為你們這樣的遊客保留了下來。
Today, our master thatchers will begin giving this barn behind me a sturdy thatched roof, able to withstand heavy winds and last up to a hundred years.
今天，我們的茅屋匠大師將開始給予我身後的穀倉一個結實的茅草屋頂，能夠抵擋大風並且維持上百年。
How do they do it? Well, in a nutshell, thatching involves covering the beams or rafters, the wooden skeleton of a roof with reeds or straw.
他們是怎麼做到的呢？好，簡而言之，用茅草覆蓋屋頂包括用蘆葦和稻草覆蓋大梁和椽木，屋頂的木制骨架。
Our thatchers here have harvested their own natural materials for the job, the bundles of water reeds you see lying over there beside the barn.
我們這兒的茅屋匠們已經為這項工作收割了他們自己的天然材料，你們看見橫放在那邊穀倉旁的一束束的水蘆了吧
Thatching is certainly uncommon in the Untied States today.
用茅草蓋屋頂在今天的美國確實不太常見了
I guess that’s why so many of you have come to see this demonstration.
我猜這也是為什麼你們那麼多人過來看這個演示。
But it wasn’t always that way.
當並不總是這樣。
In the seventeenth century, the colonists here thatched their roofs with reeds and straw, just as they had done in England.
在十七世紀，殖民者用蘆葦和稻草覆蓋他們的屋頂，就像他們在英國做的那樣。
After a while, though, they began to replace the thatch with wooden shingles because wood was so plentiful.
然而，過了一陣子，他們開始使用木板瓦來代替茅草屋頂因為木材是如此充足。
And eventually, other roofing materials like stone, slate, and clay tiles came into use.
並且最終，其他屋頂材料如石頭，石板，還有陶土瓦開始被使用了。
It’s a real shame that most people today don’t realize how strong and long lasting a thatched roof is.
真是很遺憾，今天大多數的人沒有認識到一個茅草屋頂是多麼結實和持久耐用。
In Ireland, where thatching is still practiced, the roofs can survive winds of up to one hundred ten miles per hour.
在愛爾蘭，那裡茅草屋頂依然被使用著，這種屋頂更夠幸存於高達每小時一百一十英里的風速。
That’s because straw and reeds are so flexible.
那是因為稻草和蘆葦是這麼的柔韌
They bend but don’t break in the wind like other materials can.
他們在風中彎曲卻不會像其他材料那樣能斷裂
Another advantage is that the roofs keep the house cool in the summer and warm in the winter.
另一個優勢是這種屋頂保持了房子在夏天涼爽，並且在冬天溫暖（冬暖夏涼）
And then, of course, there’s the roofs’ longevity—the average is sixty years, but they can last up to a hundred.
而且，當然了，還有屋頂的長壽命–平均是六十年，但他們能維持到一百年。
With all these reasons to start thatching roofs again, wouldn’t it be wonderful to see this disappearing craft return to popularity?
帶著所有這些理由去重新開始用茅草蓋屋頂，難道看見這種正在消失中的工藝回歸流行不是很美妙嗎？