中英文的表達差異
| 中文
先交代背景 |
今天下午放學回家時走在那條路上，當我 正要走進一家雜貨店買飲料的時候，看到 了一隻貓在追一隻狗。 |
| 英文
重點在前 |
I saw a cat chasing a dog in front of the grocery store while I was about to go in to get myself a drink |
英文以「主要子句為主」
- 主從分明，重點先講
-
語意結構：單一重點
-
形式結構：單一主要子句
【主要子句】
| 主要子句 | 附屬子句 |
| 1) 負責報導事件的重點
2) 形式上可獨立出現 3) 又稱獨立子句 |
1) 用於背景介紹
2) 形式上需要附屬標記 |
She decided to marry him when he proposed to her.
—>
重點：決定嫁給他
背景：當他向她求婚時
主要子句的功用
• 負責溝通報導主要事件：
1) 含有一個「主要主詞」和一個「主要動詞」
2) 全句所要陳述的重點事件
3) 全句的主要時間點
4) 全句的主要參與人物
5) 全句強調的焦點訊息 （相對於附屬子句的背景說明）
主要子句的主詞是全句的核心人物
• 分詞 主詞＝ 主要主詞
(√) Urged to participate in the program, he began to learn how to serve people.
(X) Compared to human rights, we have paid little attention to animal rights.
(X) Helping his mom, the dishes were washed in 10 minutes.
「主要動詞」標記時間主軸 (tensed V)
1) 表達主要動作
2) 帶有時態標記(tensed V)
• I saw a cat chase a dog.
• I saw a cat chasing a dog.
主要動詞與次要動詞的時間關係
1) 向主軸時間對齊
• He said that he would do it if he had time.
2) 向當下時間對齊
• He said that he will do it if he finds time.
3) 各自獨立的兩句
• He said: “I will do it if I feel like to.”
【附屬子句】三類
1. 附屬連接詞 (subordinator)
2. 無時間標記的分詞或不定詞 (non-finite V)
3. 帶有名詞子句或關係子句的標記 (complementizer)
1. 附屬連接詞 (subordinator)
| 因果 | Because, since, for the reason that, so |
| 條件 | If, only if, in case that, provided that, as long as |
| 時間 | When, while, as soon as, at the time that |
使用逗點的情況
1) 重點在前：Main + Sub
We will go camping next weekend if the weather is good.
2) 重點在後：Sub + Main
If the weather is good, we will go camping next weekend.
2. 分詞或不定詞(non-finite V)
• 沒有時間標記
• 依附主要子句
• 共用同一個主詞
1) We went camping last week, spending some time with nature. —> 表達「同時進行」
2) We went camping last week, to spend some time with nature. —> 表達「目的」
3. 名詞子句或關係子句 (complementizer)
• That 作為補語標記
• 所帶的子句為獨立事件
• 「思想溝通」類事件所要求的內容補語
- He thinks [that English is easy].
—> 認定的事實
- He thought [that English is easy].
—> 過去認定的事實
關係子句 (relative clause)
– 以關係代名詞標記
– 修飾名詞之用
– 中英文位置不同
• 英文：關係子句在後 I saw the cat [who was chasing a dog].
• 中文：關係子句在前 我看見[那隻正在追狗的貓]
1. 修飾並加以限定名詞
2. 補充關於名詞的訊息
• I met an old friend [who has five children].
—> who 是子句內的主詞
• I bought a smartphone [which my friend recommended _________ ] —> which 是子句內的受詞
- 子句中都少一個名詞
-
「失蹤」的名詞由關係子句「代替」
• I met a friend. The friend has five children.
• I met a friend [who has five children.]
關係子句的格位標記
- I ran into a colleague [who was shopping.]
—> who在關係子句為「主詞」
- I ran into a colleague [whom I truly admire _____ ].
—> which 在關係子句為「受詞」
—> 可以省略關係代名詞
- I ran into a colleague [whose car was parked next to mine.]
—> whose 在關係子句為「所有格」
關係子句與介系詞
| 1. This is the way [by which ] I learned English. = how | 方式 |
| 2. I used a sharp knife [with which I opened the can ___ ]. | 工具 |
| 3. John is a guy [with whom I went to the party ______ ]. | 同伴 |
| 4. I went to a park [in which I saw the dog _____ ]. = where | 地點 |
• 與介系詞搭配時，關係代名詞不能省略
限定vs.非限定
Restrictive vs. Non-restrivtive REL
限定
限定Restrictive：從眾多可能中「限定」一個
• The man [who I met yesterday] is coming.
「限定」昨天遇見的那一個
• The Americans [who are sports-crazy] are coming to the game.
「限定」於 狂熱的那一群美國人
非限定
Non-restrictive：no need to restrict
• 「後位補充」，需加上「逗號」
• The Americans, who are sports-crazy, all love the game.
指「所有」美國人，因此不需限定
• President Ma, who studied law, is careful about legislation.
馬總統就只有一個，不需限定
1) My father who is American is coming to see me.
—> 還有其他的爸爸？
2) My father, who is American, is coming to see me.
—> 只此一位，無須限定！
That 的三種溝通功能
1) 作為動詞的補語標記
He told me [that he likes the girl. ] He said/thought [that she is pretty.]
2) 標記關係子句內的關係代名詞
I like the book [that you bought ____ yesterday.]
3) 標記用以說明名詞的同位子句 （不妨礙溝通時可省略）
I found out the fact [that he quit his job last month.]
He told a story [that a frog turned into a prince.]
—> That-CL 說明story，非關係子句，人物齊全
He was sad for the reason [that his girl friend left him].
—> That-CL 說明the reason， 非關係子句， 人物齊全
that 省略的大原則： 不妨礙溝通時可省略 Two cases where ‘that’ cannot be omitted.
- 擔任關係主詞時不可省
• I read the book that tells a great story.
省略that ，tell就沒有主詞
- 同位修飾不可省
• He mentioned the fact that [he quit his job last month.]
少了that 感覺好像是兩個分開的句子
句子的時態
• 主要子句與附屬子句對齊一致的時間點
He said last Monday that tomorrow would rain.
主要事件 —> 他上週一說 附屬事件 —> 明天會下雨(指上週二)
• 向過去對齊 Align with the past:
主要子句與附屬子句 需要對齊一致的時間點
1. 五官感知的共時現象
• I saw/spotted that he was making a great invention.
2. 動作性的補語
• I realized that he made a great invention.
• He claimed that he discovered the solution.
—> 動作有明確的時間性
主要子句與附屬子句 兩者時間獨立的情況
1. 思考性的「想法」
• I found out/thought that he is good at English.
—> 認知思考的結果
2. 狀態事實
• I realized that he is an inventor.
3. 關係子句
• I’m eating the spaghetti [you bought it yesterday].
間接 / 直接引述
直接引述
• 直接引述的陳述方式是「原音重現」
• 主從兩事件時空上各自獨立，互無關連
• 不同的時態標記
- He said: “She is coming soon.”
-
He mentioned: “I will visit her.”
間接引述
• 選擇以「主要事件」或「說話當下」為 基準
- He promised that he would visit her soon.
—> 向「主要事件」對齊
- He promised that he will visit her next year.
—> 向「說話當下」對齊